Every source we use.

How to read this list

Each insight page cites its own sources at the bottom; this is the combined list across the whole site. We rely on government and intergovernmental datasets, peer-reviewed academic research, and well-documented surveys from established organisations. We do not cite blogs, marketing content, or unsourced claims. For how we choose and weigh these, see our research methodology.

Population data used in the assessment

1. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022) — net worth by age.
2. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED, 2023) — emergency expenses, financial fragility.
3. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States (2023) — household income distribution.
4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (2023) — leisure, screen time, time with friends, commuting.
5. OECD, Average annual hours actually worked (2023).
6. American Psychological Association, Stress in America surveys — money as a stressor.
7. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021) — number of close friends.
8. Cigna U.S. Loneliness Index (2018, 2021); Meta-Gallup, State of Social Connections (2023) — loneliness prevalence.
9. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — employee engagement.
10. U.S. CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System — self-rated health and activity limitation.
11. Nielsen Total Audience Report — media and screen exposure.

All sources cited across the site

1896 distinct sources and counting, as the library grows.

1. '~90,000 hours' lifetime-work figure — a common estimate popularised in workplace research and writing (treated here as an approximation).
2. 4 Day Week Global / UK four-day-week pilot (2022) — results coordinated with academic researchers; presented here as early, self-selected, uncontrolled evidence.
3. 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (United States) — crisis support resource.
4. 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline (US) — crisis support resource.
5. Adam Grant — Give and Take; the distinction between selfless and 'otherish' givers, and the link between boundaryless giving and burnout.
6. ADP Research Institute — pay growth for job-switchers vs. stayers.
7. Adult Attachment Interview research on coherent narratives and parenting outcomes (Main and colleagues).
8. Aeon, B., Faber, A., & Panaccio, A. (2021). Does time management work? A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245066.
9. Affective forecasting research — people overestimate the duration and intensity of negative emotional events (recovery).
10. Affective science on the stress response and reduced emotional reactivity under overload.
11. Age–period–cohort analysis — the methodological problem of disentangling cohort, age, and period effects.
12. Ainsworth, M. D. S. — observational research on attachment patterns (secure, anxious, avoidant).
13. Ainsworth, M. D. S., et al. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation.
14. Aknin, L. B., et al. — cross-cultural research on prosocial spending and wellbeing.
15. Aknin, L. B., et al. — research on prosocial spending and wellbeing across cultures.
16. Albert, S. (1977). Temporal Comparison Theory. Psychological Review, 84(6), 485–503.
17. Albulescu, P., Macsinga, I., Rusu, A., Sulea, C., Bodnaru, A., & Tulbure, B. T. (2022). 'Give me a break!' A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performance. PLOS ONE, 17(8).
18. Algoe, S. B. — the 'find-remind-bind' theory of gratitude in relationships.
19. Alicke, M. D., and colleagues — research on the better-than-average effect and illusory superiority.
20. Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Poteet, M. L., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 127–136.
21. Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. — depressive realism (the 'sadder but wiser' effect in certain lab tasks); flagged here as contested and narrow.
22. Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice.
23. Almaatouq, A., Radaelli, L., Pentland, A., & Shmueli, E. (2016). Are You Your Friends' Friend? Poor Perception of Friendship Ties Limits the Ability to Promote Behavioral Change. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0151588.
24. Alter, A. L., & Hershfield, H. E. (2014). People search for meaning when they approach a new decade in chronological age ("9-enders"). PNAS, 111(48), 17066–17070.
25. Amabile, T. M., & Kramer, S. J. — the progress principle (progress on meaningful work as a driver of positive inner work life).
26. Amabile, T. M., & Kramer, S. J. (2011). The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work. Harvard Business Review Press.
27. Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1993). Half a minute: Predicting interpersonal consequences from thin slices of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 431–441.
28. American Academy of Ophthalmology — guidance on blue light, digital devices, and digital eye strain.
29. American Academy of Pediatrics — guidance on discipline and physical punishment.
30. American Academy of Pediatrics — Media and Young Minds; Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents; Family Media Plan guidance.
31. American Academy of Pediatrics — policy guidance on effective discipline and physical punishment.
32. American Academy of Sleep Medicine & National Sleep Foundation — adult sleep duration recommendations (about 7–9 hours; 7+ as the health floor).
33. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) — emotional numbing in PTSD, and low mood / anhedonia in depression.
34. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) — depersonalisation/derealisation as recognised experiences.
35. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5-TR — recognises gambling disorder as a behavioural addiction; lists internet gaming disorder as a condition for further study; does not list 'smartphone addiction.'
36. American Psychological Association — research summaries on task-switching and the costs of multitasking.
37. American Psychological Association — statements on physical discipline and child outcomes.
38. American Psychological Association — Stress in America surveys (money as a leading source of stress for adults).
39. American Psychological Association, Stress in America surveys — money as a leading reported stressor.
40. American Psychological Association, Stress in America surveys — money as a source of stress.
41. American Psychological Association, Stress in America surveys — money as a stressor.
42. American Psychological Association, Stress in America surveys (money as a leading source of stress).
43. American Time Use Survey (ATUS), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — time spent socializing with friends by age.
44. American Time Use Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) — average daily sleep and time use.
45. American Time Use Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) — average leisure and free time per day.
46. American Time Use Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) — diary-based methodology for measuring time use.
47. American Time Use Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) — leisure and screen activities.
48. American Time Use Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) — measured time use across work, household work, and leisure.
49. American Time Use Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — leisure and sports breakdown (television as the largest leisure component).
50. American Time Use Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — time spent with friends across the lifespan.
51. American Time Use Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (time spent on sleep, work, leisure, household activities, eating and caring for others).
52. Anderson, C. J. (2003). The Psychology of Doing Nothing: Forms of Decision Avoidance Result from Reason and Emotion. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 139–167.
53. Anderson, C., and colleagues — research on overconfidence and the attainment of social status.
54. Anderson, C., Hildreth, J. A. D., & Howland, L. (2015). Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3), 574–601.
55. Anderson, C., Kraus, M. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Keltner, D. (2012). The Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Science, 23(7), 764–771.
56. App-usage tracker data — daily smartphone time and pickup counts (approximate, varies by source, country and age).
57. Ariely, D. — work on relativity in decision-making and the decoy effect in pricing.
58. Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002). Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment. Psychological Science, 13(3), 219–224.
59. Ariely, D., et al. — experimental research on large financial incentives and task performance.
60. Ariga, A., & Lleras, A. (2011). Brief and rare mental 'breaks' keep you focused: Deactivation and reactivation of task goals preempt vigilance decrements. Cognition, 118(3), 439–443.
61. Aristotle — Nicomachean Ethics (eudaimonia / flourishing).
62. Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124–140.
63. Arnett, J. J. — emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties (extended identity exploration and instability).
64. Arnett, J. J. — research on emerging adulthood and extended identity exploration.
65. Arnett, J. J. — research on emerging adulthood and ongoing adult development (identity and life direction as continuing processes).
66. Arnett, J. J. — research on emerging adulthood and the markers people use to judge adulthood.
67. Arnett, J. J. — subsequent research and surveys on emerging adulthood and markers of reaching adulthood.
68. Arnett, J. J. — theory of 'emerging adulthood' describing the late teens and twenties as a developmental stage of exploration and instability.
69. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.
70. Aron, A., and colleagues — self-expansion theory, on relationships thriving through continued individual growth alongside closeness.
71. Aron, A., et al. — studies on shared novel and exciting activities and sustaining passion in couples.
72. Aron, A., et al. (1997). The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness — the "36 questions" study of escalating mutual self-disclosure.
73. Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997). The Experimental Generation of Interpersonal Closeness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
74. Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345–368.
75. Asch, S. E. (1955/1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs.
76. Atalay, A. S., & Meloy, M. G. (2011). Retail therapy: A strategic effort to improve mood. Psychology & Marketing, 28(6), 638–659.
77. Atchley, R. C. — Phases of retirement (honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability).
78. Attachment theory — research on the loss of a primary attachment figure and separation distress.
79. Attachment theory and the concept of 'earned secure' attachment (developmental and clinical psychology research).
80. Attention and vigilance research — sustained-attention decline over time and restoration with breaks; consistency with ultradian (natural alertness) rhythms.
81. Autonomic nervous system research on the role of the exhale and vagal tone in the calming response.
82. Autor, D. H. (2015). Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30.
83. Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Nonverbal Overload: A Theoretical Argument for the Causes of Zoom Fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1).
84. Baltes, P. B., & colleagues — the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm (wisdom as expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life).
85. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
86. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman — sources of self-efficacy (mastery, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological state).
87. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman.
88. Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. — research on individual investor trading and performance.
89. Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth. Journal of Finance — individual investors who trade frequently underperform.
90. Barber, L. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015). Please Respond ASAP: Workplace Telepressure and Employee Recovery. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 172–189.
91. Baron, J., & Hershey, J. C. (1988). Outcome bias in decision evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 569–579.
92. Barrett, L. F. (2017). How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
93. Batson, C. D. — the empathy-altruism hypothesis and supporting experiments on prosocial motivation.
94. Baumeister, R. F. — research on the sources and components of meaning.
95. Baumeister, R. F. — research on the sources of meaning in life.
96. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
97. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong. Psychological Bulletin.
98. Baumeister, R. F., and colleagues — ego depletion and decision fatigue (note: subsequent large replication efforts have produced mixed and contested results).
99. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad Is Stronger Than Good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370 — negativity bias.
100. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad Is Stronger Than Good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370.
101. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265.
102. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44.
103. Baumeister, R. F., et al. — ego depletion and decision fatigue (note: the effect's replicability is debated; see multi-lab replication efforts such as Hagger et al., 2016).
104. Baumeister, R. F., et al. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44.
105. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 243–267.
106. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516.
107. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. Journal of Positive Psychology.
108. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516.
109. Baumrind, D. — research on parenting styles and the warmth/control dimensions (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive).
110. Behavioral budgeting and default-behavior research — automation and pre-commitment outperform day-to-day willpower; people underestimate cumulative small spending.
111. Behavioral decision research on sunk-cost effect and status-quo bias (constraints that make staying feel safer than changing).
112. Behavioral economics research on present bias and saving behavior.
113. Behavioral economics research on present bias and time discounting.
114. Behavioral finance research on automation, defaults, and 'pay yourself first.'
115. Behavioral-genetics research on shared vs. non-shared environmental influences on personality.
116. Behaviour-change research on readiness and the relationship between action and confidence.
117. Behaviour-change research on rigid vs. flexible restriction (dieting and self-control literature) — general pattern that flexible approaches are more sustainable than all-or-nothing ones.
118. Behavioural economics research on present bias and temporal discounting of future consequences.
119. Behavioural genetics research on the heritability of chronotype and its shift across the lifespan.
120. Behavioural research on automation, default bias, and automatic enrolment in saving.
121. Behavioural research on money, status, and self-worth (how financial standing becomes entangled with self-esteem).
122. Behavioural-economics research on the sunk-cost fallacy and opportunity cost (e.g., Arkes & Blumer; Kahneman & Tversky on loss aversion).
123. Behavioural-economics studies of gym-membership use and overpayment (illustrating aspirational, underused purchases).
124. Behavioural-finance research on market timing, performance chasing, and investor return gaps.
125. Behavioural-genetics and set-point research on the heritability of subjective wellbeing (twin studies).
126. Behavioural-genetics and twin research on the heritability of subjective well-being (heritability estimates commonly cited around 40–50%, varying by study and method).
127. Behavioural-genetics literature (twin, adoption, and family studies) on the heritability of body weight.
128. Behavioural-genetics literature on heritability of personality and the role of non-shared environment (e.g. Plomin and colleagues).
129. Behavioural-genetics research on shared versus non-shared environment in personality development.
130. Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139–168.
131. Bellezza, S., Paharia, N., & Keinan, A. (2017). Conspicuous Consumption of Time: When Busyness and Lack of Leisure Time Become a Status Symbol. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(1), 118–138.
132. Ben-Shahar, T. — 'arrival fallacy' (term).
133. Ben-Shahar, T. — the concept of the 'arrival fallacy' (the belief that reaching a goal brings lasting happiness).
134. Bengen, W. P. — origin of the 4% safe withdrawal rate.
135. Bengen, W. P. (1994). Determining Withdrawal Rates Using Historical Data. Journal of Financial Planning — origin of the 4% rule (debated).
136. Benson, A., Li, D., & Shue, K. (2019). Promotions and the Peter Principle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(4), 2085–2134.
137. Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2008). Being Independent Is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self-Employment and Hierarchy. Economica, 75(298), 362–383.
138. Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2008). The value of doing what you like: Evidence from the self-employed in 23 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68(3–4), 445–455.
139. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin.
140. Berns, G. S., et al. — research on the neurobiology of dread (people accepting more pain sooner to avoid the cost of waiting).
141. Bernstein, E. S., & Turban, S. (2018). The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 373(1753).
142. Bertrand, M., & Morse, A. (2016). Trickle-Down Consumption. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(5), 863–879.
143. BetterUp — research/survey on meaning and purpose at work (employees' self-reported willingness to trade future earnings for more meaningful work; figures self-reported).
144. Bhattacharya, K., et al. (2016). Sex differences in social focus across the life cycle in humans. Royal Society Open Science (analysis of large-scale mobile-phone contact data; network size peaks around the mid-20s and declines).
145. Big Five personality model — curiosity within the trait Openness to Experience.
146. Big Five personality research on Openness to experience across the lifespan (e.g., trait change in adulthood).
147. Big Five personality traits and work outcomes (job performance, fit), including the consistent role of conscientiousness.
148. Billieux, J., et al. (2015). Problematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach / critiques of over-pathologising everyday behaviour.
149. Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. — research on 'desirable difficulties' in learning.
150. Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. — research on desirable difficulties and the distinction between learning and performance.
151. Blair, S. N., and colleagues — research on cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and mortality ('fitness versus fatness').
152. Blake, J. (1989). Family Size and Achievement — resource dilution and family size effects.
153. Blanchflower, D. G. — research on the U-shaped curve of life satisfaction across age in large international datasets.
154. Blanchflower, D. G. — research on the U-shaped pattern of wellbeing and life satisfaction over adulthood.
155. Blanchflower, D. G. — research on the U-shaped relationship between age and wellbeing/life satisfaction.
156. Blanchflower, D. G. — work on the U-shaped relationship between age and wellbeing across the lifespan (a debated finding).
157. Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34, 575–624.
158. Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. — research on the U-shape in wellbeing across the lifespan (note: contested and not universal).
159. Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. — research on the U-shape of life satisfaction across adulthood (note: widely cited but contested).
160. Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. — research on the U-shaped pattern of subjective wellbeing across the life course.
161. Bloom, N. — research on hybrid and remote work (productivity, retention, and concerns about mentorship and visibility/promotion).
162. Bloom, N., and colleagues — randomized hybrid-work field experiment (productivity, promotion, and attrition effects), Stanford remote-work research.
163. Bloom, N., and colleagues — randomized work-from-home experiment at a large Chinese travel firm (Ctrip), Stanford remote-work research.
164. Blue Zones — popularised observations of long-lived populations emphasising community (flagged as popularised and contested).
165. Bohbot, V. D., et al. — research on spatial navigation strategies, hippocampal engagement, and grey matter.
166. Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 119.
167. Bonanno, G. A. — research on grief, trauma, and resilience trajectories after loss.
168. Bonanno, G. A. — research on resilience trajectories following loss and potential trauma.
169. Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111–137.
170. Boothby, E. J., and colleagues (2018) — the liking gap (people underestimate how much others liked them after a conversation).
171. Boothby, E. J., Clark, M. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2014). Shared experiences are amplified. Psychological Science.
172. Boothby, E. J., Cooney, G., Sandstrom, G. M., & Clark, M. S. (2018). The Liking Gap in Conversations: Do People Like Us More Than We Think? Psychological Science, 29(11), 1742–1756.
173. Boss, P. — Ambiguous loss (grief over losses without a clear, recognized endpoint, including loss of imagined futures).
174. Boss, P. — Ambiguous Loss: Learning to Live with Unresolved Grief (1999) and subsequent work on the limits of 'closure.'
175. Boundary theory — segmentation versus integration of work and personal life.
176. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (cultural capital).
177. Bowen, M. — concept of differentiation, describing the balance of emotional connection with a distinct, separate sense of self.
178. Bowlby, J. — attachment theory (Attachment and Loss, 1969–1980).
179. Bowlby, J. — attachment theory (the role of early caregiver bonds in later relating).
180. Bowlby, J. — attachment theory.
181. Bravata, D. M., et al. (2020). Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of Impostor Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35, 1252–1275.
182. Bregman, R. (2020). Humankind: A Hopeful History. Little, Brown — synthesis of cooperation and prosociality research.
183. Brehm, J. W. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance (psychological reactance).
184. Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-Compassion Increases Self-Improvement Motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133–1143.
185. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482 (optimal distinctiveness theory).
186. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482.
187. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. — hedonic adaptation (the tendency to return toward a baseline level of satisfaction).
188. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971) — hedonic adaptation; and the 'arrival fallacy' concept (popularized by Tal Ben-Shahar).
189. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society — origin of the 'hedonic treadmill' concept.
190. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society — the 'hedonic treadmill' concept.
191. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society (the hedonic treadmill).
192. Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society. (The 'hedonic treadmill.')
193. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — note: small sample.
194. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(8), 917–927.
195. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(8), 917–927. (Note: small sample.)
196. Brim, O. G., et al. — MIDUS (Midlife in the United States) study, National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States.
197. Brinkmann, S. — critiques of the culture of relentless self-improvement (e.g. 'Stand Firm').
198. Broader developmental literature on early child care quality and child outcomes.
199. Broader literature and critiques on social class and behaviour, including replication and measurement concerns.
200. Broader literature on family routines, shared time, and adolescent development.
201. Broader research and replication literature on social priming and on money's effects on behaviour (effects are modest and contested).
202. Broader research literature and reviews on gratitude interventions and wellbeing, including studies on gratitude letters/expression.
203. Broader research literature on childhood socioeconomic status and adult financial behaviour and risk preferences (correlational; group-level tendencies).
204. Broader research on age and job satisfaction, including job-fit, expectation, and selection (the dissatisfied leaving the workforce) explanations.
205. Broader subjective-wellbeing research on the sources of durable happiness.
206. Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016). Don't stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, 71–85.
207. Brosnan, S. F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297–299.
208. Brown, B. — qualitative research and writing on vulnerability, courage, and connection.
209. Bruhn, J. G., & Wolf, S. — research on the Roseto community ('the Roseto effect').
210. Bruk, A., Scholl, S. G., & Bless, H. (2018). Beautiful mess effect: Self–other differences in evaluation of showing vulnerability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(2), 192–205.
211. Bruk, A., Scholl, S. G., & Bless, H. (2018). Beautiful mess effect: Self–other differences in evaluation of showing vulnerability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
212. Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. — research on savoring (attending to and prolonging positive experiences and wellbeing).
213. Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. — research on savoring as a way to extend the enjoyment of experiences.
214. Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
215. Brynjolfsson, E., and colleagues — research on the productivity paradox, including the role of delayed gains, mismeasurement, and organisational change.
216. Buckles, K. S., & Munnich, E. L. (2012). Birth spacing and sibling outcomes. Journal of Human Resources, 47(3), 613–642.
217. Buehler, R., and colleagues — experimental research on the planning fallacy and task-completion predictions.
218. Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. — research on the planning fallacy and reference-class forecasting of task times.
219. Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. — research on the planning fallacy and time prediction.
220. Buettner, D., and longevity researchers — descriptive work on 'Blue Zones' and social integration.
221. Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. — research on active versus passive social media use and wellbeing.
222. Burkeman, O. Four Thousand Weeks: Time and How to Use It — the 'four thousand weeks' framing.
223. Bus, A. G., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Pellegrini, A. D. (1995). Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 65(1), 1–21.
224. Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724–731.
225. Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
226. Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Stack, A. D. (1999). Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
227. Buss, D. M., and colleagues — evolutionary perspective on jealousy as an emotion that protects valued relationships.
228. Bylsma, L. M., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2008). When is crying cathartic? An international study. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(10), 1165–1187.
229. C. Raymond Knee — research on destiny versus growth relationship beliefs (implicit theories of relationships).
230. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 401–423.
231. Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. — research framing loneliness as perceived social isolation and a biological signal of unmet social needs.
232. Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. — research establishing loneliness as a subjective experience of perceived social isolation rather than objective aloneness.
233. Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. — research on loneliness, social cognition, and health.
234. Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. W. W. Norton.
235. Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking.
236. Cain, S. (2022). Bittersweet: How Sorrow and Longing Make Us Whole.
237. Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Weber, M. (1989). The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 97(5), 1232–1254.
238. Camille, N., et al. (2004). The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret. Science, 304(5674), 1167–1170.
239. Cannon, W. B. — the 'fight-or-flight' response and physiological mobilization under threat.
240. Card, D., Heining, J., & Kline, P. (2013). Workplace Heterogeneity and the Rise of West German Wage Inequality. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(3), 967–1015.
241. Caregiver burden research — the physical, emotional, and financial strain of sustained caregiving and its effect on wellbeing.
242. Carr, N. (2010). The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. W. W. Norton.
243. Carstensen, L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and research on improved emotion regulation and the positivity effect with age.
244. Carstensen, L. L. — Socioemotional selectivity theory (goals and social priorities shift with perceived time horizon).
245. Carstensen, L. L. — Socioemotional selectivity theory (older adults' shift toward fewer, closer relationships).
246. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory (shifting time horizons and the prioritisation of fewer, emotionally meaningful relationships with age).
247. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and future time perspective (priorities shift toward emotionally meaningful goals when time is perceived as limited).
248. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and research on emotion regulation across the lifespan.
249. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and research on emotion regulation and wellbeing across the lifespan.
250. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and research on the 'positivity effect' in emotional ageing.
251. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and the "positivity effect" in aging and emotional wellbeing.
252. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and the positivity effect (age-related improvements in emotion regulation and shifts toward positive information).
253. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and the positivity effect in aging and emotion.
254. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and the positivity effect in older adults.
255. Carstensen, L. L. — socioemotional selectivity theory and the shift in goals and priorities with age.
256. Carter, E. C., & McCullough, M. E. (2014). Publication bias and the limited strength model of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 823.
257. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889.
258. Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. — research on likability and competence in choosing work partners ('competent jerks, lovable fools').
259. Cattell, R. B., & Horn, J. L. — theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
260. Cautions in the research literature on overclaiming the role of oxytocin in human bonding.
261. CDC / National Center for Health Statistics — U.S. life expectancy estimates (including the 2021 dip to ~76 and recovery to ~77.5 by 2022).
262. CDC / National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) — marriage and divorce rates and marriage duration.
263. CDC / U.S. physical-activity guidelines — ~150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activity.
264. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — adult sleep duration data and recommendations.
265. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — sleep duration data and adult sleep recommendations.
266. Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354–380.
267. Chang, A.-M., et al. (2015). Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. PNAS, 112(4), 1232–1237.
268. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in Chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55–81.
269. Chetty, R. et al. (2016). The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014. JAMA, 315(16), 1750–1766.
270. Chetty, R., et al. — Opportunity Insights, research on intergenerational economic mobility (mobility by parental income and geography).
271. Chetty, R., Grusky, D., Hell, M., Hendren, N., Manduca, R., & Narang, J. (2017). The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science, 356(6336), 398–406.
272. Chi, M. T. H., et al. (1994). Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding. Cognitive Science, 18(3), 439–477.
273. Chopik, W. J. (2017). Associations among relational values, support, health, and well-being across the adult lifespan. Personal Relationships, 24(2), 408–422.
274. Chou, H. G., & Edge, N. (2012). 'They Are Happier and Having Better Lives than I Am': The Impact of Using Facebook on Perceptions of Others' Lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117–121.
275. Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379.
276. Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008). The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(21), 2249–2258.
277. Cialdini, R. B. — Influence: the principle of commitment and consistency, and the foot-in-the-door technique.
278. Cialdini, R. B. — Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (the scarcity principle).
279. Cicirelli, V. G. — research on sibling relationships across the lifespan.
280. Cigna U.S. Loneliness Index (2018 and 2021) — note: measurement and definitions vary; figures debated.
281. Cigna U.S. Loneliness Index (2018, 2021); Meta-Gallup, State of Social Connections (2023) — loneliness prevalence.
282. Circadian rhythm research on light as the primary cue for the human body clock; light at night, melatonin suppression, and sleep timing.
283. Circadian-rhythm and light-exposure research on seasonal changes in mood and energy.
284. Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247.
285. Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247.
286. Clark, A., Oswald, A., & Warr, P. — research on age and job satisfaction (U-shaped / increasing-with-age patterns over the working life).
287. Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia — post-event processing as a maintaining factor. In Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment.
288. Clear, J. — Atomic Habits (the framing of systems versus goals).
289. Clinical and relationship research distinguishing normal, transient jealousy from chronic, pathological, or controlling/abusive jealousy.
290. Clinical guidance distinguishing ordinary existential questioning from symptoms of depression (educational, not a diagnostic tool).
291. Clinical guidance on when memory changes warrant medical evaluation (educational, not a diagnostic tool).
292. Clinical literature on prolonged / complicated grief and evidence-based treatments.
293. Cognitive load theory and working memory in learning (Sweller and colleagues, overview).
294. Cognitive science of attention — distinctions between sustained, selective and divided attention and the task- and motivation-dependence of focus.
295. Cohen, S. — research on psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold (controlled viral-exposure studies).
296. Collins, N., & colleagues — research on relational diversity (social-portfolio variety) and its association with wellbeing.
297. Commentary and skepticism on formal personal and organisational mission statements as often-forgotten artifacts.
298. Commentary from physical activity researchers on the 'sitting is the new smoking' framing.
299. Common retirement savings-rate guidance (saving roughly 10–15% of income, often including an employer match).
300. Compassion fatigue research — emotional exhaustion and reduced empathy in those who repeatedly engage with others' suffering.
301. Compound interest / compounding math (fees charged annually compound against the balance).
302. Concept of work alienation (Marx) — cited as conceptual context, not as an empirical statistic.
303. Construal and perception research (the dependence of perception on prior beliefs, attention, and interpretation).
304. Consumer and economics research on extended warranty pricing, profitability, and value to buyers.
305. Consumer-testing reviews and analyses finding a generally weak average correlation between price and measured product quality across categories.
306. Conti, R. P. — research on family estrangement prevalence and characteristics.
307. Convergent findings across the debate on displacement (sleep, in-person time, exercise) and heavy or problematic use patterns.
308. Cooley, P. L., Hubbard, C. M., & Walz, D. T. (1998). The 'Trinity Study' on sustainable withdrawal rates (debated).
309. Cornell University research on family estrangement (Karl Pillemer) — prevalence, causes, and reconciliation.
310. Cost-of-credit data on interest rates for mortgages, credit cards, and payday loans.
311. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. — longitudinal research on Big Five trait stability across adulthood.
312. Costanza, D. P., and colleagues — reviews and meta-analyses finding generational differences in work attitudes are small, inconsistent, or age-explained.
313. Cozzolino, P. J. et al. — research on death reflection versus mortality salience.
314. Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 7–14.
315. Critical commentary on the 'happiness is a choice' / percentage-pie framing within positive-psychology research.
316. Critical reviews and caveats on overstated 'breathwork' claims and the limits of the evidence for treating clinical conditions.
317. Critical reviews and replications debating the inequality–outcomes link (e.g. work questioning robustness and causation).
318. Critiques and later work on positive illusions and depressive realism — questioning how far either effect generalises.
319. Critiques and reviews of stage-theory universality, ordering, and age-locking within lifespan and adult-development psychology.
320. Critiques of earlier within-family and small-sample birth-order studies and their confounds.
321. Critiques of the 'latte factor' framing in personal-finance and economics commentary — that small daily purchases are a minor share of budgets dominated by large fixed costs.
322. Critiques of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) — research on its test-retest reliability and predictive validity.
323. Critiques of the self-help industry's evidence base and the broader replication crisis in psychology.
324. Crocker, J., & colleagues — research on contingent self-worth and tying self-esteem to achievement.
325. Crocker, J., et al. — research on contingent self-worth and the costs of basing self-esteem on achievement and competence.
326. Cross-cultural research on cultural beliefs about happiness and whether it is seen as good or as something to be wary of.
327. Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007). Mind-Set Matters: Exercise and the Placebo Effect. Psychological Science, 18(2), 165–171.
328. Crum, A. J., Corbin, W. R., Brownell, K. D., & Salovey, P. (2011). Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response. Health Psychology, 30(4), 424–429.
329. Crum, A. J., et al. — research on stress mindset and its association with responses to stress.
330. Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. — research on the gut-brain axis and microbiome influence on behaviour (animal and early human work).
331. Csikszentmihalyi, M. — 'Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience' and experience-sampling research on optimal experience.
332. Csikszentmihalyi, M. — flow research and time distortion during absorbed engagement.
333. Csikszentmihalyi, M. — research on flow and the loss of time awareness during deep absorption.
334. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
335. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.
336. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. — experience-sampling method research on activity and quality of experience.
337. Cuddy, A. — original 'power posing' claims (expansive poses, hormones, and risk-taking), subsequently contested.
338. Cuddy, A. J. C. — work on warmth-first leadership and why projecting warmth before strength builds trust and influence.
339. Cullen, Z., & Pakzad-Hurson, B. — research on pay transparency, bargaining, and wage outcomes.
340. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. — research program on interparental conflict and child adjustment (emotional security theory).
341. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2010). Marital Conflict and Children: An Emotional Security Perspective. Guilford Press.
342. Curry, O. S., et al. (2018). Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the wellbeing of the actor. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76, 320–329.
343. Curtis, V., de Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
344. Dacher Keltner — research on awe, its triggers (vastness and novelty), and its links to wellbeing, humility, and connection.
345. Dahmani, L., & Bohbot, V. D. (2020). Habitual use of GPS negatively impacts spatial memory during self-guided navigation. Scientific Reports, 10, 6310.
346. Dai, H., Milkman, K. L., & Riis, J. — research on temporal landmarks and the "fresh start effect."
347. Dale, S. B., & Krueger, A. B. (2002). Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1491–1527.
348. Dale, S. B., & Krueger, A. B. (2014). Estimating the Effects of College Characteristics over the Career Using Administrative Earnings Data. Journal of Human Resources, 49(2), 323–358.
349. Damian, R. I., & Roberts, B. W. — large-sample research on birth order, personality and intelligence.
350. Damian, R. I., & Roberts, B. W. (2015). The associations of birth order with personality and intelligence in a representative sample of U.S. high school students. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 96–105.
351. Daniel Kahneman — work on the experiencing self vs. the remembering self, and the distinction between experienced affect and life evaluation (including Thinking, Fast and Slow, 2011).
352. DataReportal / GWI — Digital and daily device-use statistics.
353. DataReportal / GWI — global estimates of daily smartphone and internet use (approximate, method-dependent).
354. David Eagleman — research on time perception, novelty and the role of memory encoding in judging duration.
355. Davidai, S., & Gilovich, T. (2018). The Ideal Road Not Taken: The Self-Discrepancies Involved in People's Most Enduring Regrets. Emotion, 18(3), 439–452.
356. Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 387–411.
357. Davis, D. E., et al. (2016). Thankful for the little things: A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 20–31.
358. de Bloom, J., and colleagues — research on vacations, health and wellbeing, including the post-vacation fade-out effect.
359. de Bloom, J., et al. — research on vacations and wellbeing, including the finding that anticipation before a trip can exceed the post-trip boost (e.g., Nawijn, J., et al. (2010). Vacationers Happier, but Most not Happier After a Holiday. Applied Research in Quality of Life).
360. de Groot, A. D. (1965). Thought and Choice in Chess.
361. Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The Functional Architecture of Human Empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100.
362. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. — Self-Determination Theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness as core psychological needs).
363. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. — Self-Determination Theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness as drivers of motivation and satisfaction).
364. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. — Self-Determination Theory and research on intrinsic motivation and the overjustification effect.
365. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. — self-determination theory on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation.
366. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The 'What' and 'Why' of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
367. Decision-making research on reversibility, deliberation, and choice satisfaction (general literature).
368. Decision-making research on the sunk-cost fallacy and status-quo bias (e.g., Arkes & Blumer; Samuelson & Zeckhauser).
369. Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018). Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23–38.
370. Deming, W. E. — critique of annual performance ratings and ranking systems.
371. Demographic research on divorce risk by age at marriage, education, and cohort.
372. Demographic research on the de-standardisation and individualisation of the modern life course.
373. DePaulo, B. — research on singlehood and 'singlism' (the stereotyping and stigma faced by single people).
374. Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629–636.
375. Developmental research on constructive vs. destructive conflict and children's stress responses.
376. Dew, J., Britt, S., & Huston, S. (2012). Examining the Relationship Between Financial Issues and Divorce. Family Relations, 61(4), 615–628.
377. Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. — research on subjective well-being and its correlates (overview of the general happiness–outcomes relationship).
378. Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very Happy People. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84.
379. Diener, E., and colleagues — research on religion, social relationships, meaning and subjective wellbeing.
380. Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the Hedonic Treadmill: Revising the Adaptation Theory of Well-Being. American Psychologist, 61(4), 305–314.
381. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. — research on the frequency vs intensity of positive affect and its relation to subjective wellbeing.
382. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
383. Dijksterhuis, A. — unconscious thought theory (claim that distraction beats deliberation for complex decisions), flagged here as having largely failed to replicate, including in large multi-lab replication efforts.
384. Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What Is Beautiful Is Good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
385. Documentation of infinite-scroll and autoplay as interface designs that remove natural stopping cues (persuasive/attention-economy design literature).
386. Dollard, J. et al. (1939). Frustration and Aggression — the original frustration–aggression hypothesis.
387. Dorothy Tennov — the concept of 'limerence,' the obsessive early phase of romantic love.
388. Drake, C., et al. — research on caffeine timing and its effects on sleep, including caffeine taken hours before bedtime.
389. Driscoll, R., Davis, K. E., & Lipetz, M. E. (1972). Parental interference and romantic love: The Romeo and Juliet effect — note this specific finding is contested and has not replicated cleanly.
390. Drouin, M., Kaiser, D. H., & Miller, D. A. (2012). Phantom vibrations among undergraduates: Prevalence and associated psychological characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1490–1496.
391. Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance.
392. Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101.
393. Duke, A. (2018). Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don't Have All the Facts — including the concept of 'resulting.'
394. Duke, A. (2022). Quit: The Power of Knowing When to Walk Away.
395. Dunbar, R. I. M. — model of social network 'layers' (concentric circles of relationships of differing closeness and the limits on maintaining them).
396. Dunbar, R. I. M. — research on social network size, the layered structure of relationships, and friendship decay without contact.
397. Dunbar, R. I. M. — social brain hypothesis and 'Dunbar's number' (layers of stable relationships).
398. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press.
399. Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in Evolutionary Perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 100–110.
400. Dunbar, R. I. M., and colleagues — research on laughter, endorphin release, and social bonding.
401. Dunlosky, J., et al. (2013). Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4–58.
402. Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4–58.
403. Dunn, E. W., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Happy Money: The Science of Happier Spending. Simon & Schuster.
404. Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness. Science, 319(5870), 1687–1688 — on the wellbeing benefits of prosocial behaviour to the giver.
405. Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness. Science, 319(5870), 1687–1688.
406. Dunn, E. W., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2011). If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it right. Journal of Consumer Psychology.
407. Dunn, J. — research on sibling relationships and social and emotional understanding in childhood.
408. Dweck, C. S. — research on fixed vs. growth mindset and its educational applications.
409. Dweck, C. S. — research on process versus person praise and mindset.
410. Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success.
411. Early 'psychobiotic' probiotic trials on mood and stress (small, mixed, often unreplicated human studies).
412. Easterlin, R. A. — research on income and happiness (the Easterlin paradox).
413. Easterlin, R. A. — research on income, aspirations and happiness (the rising-aspirations / hedonic treadmill account).
414. Easterlin, R. A. — the Easterlin paradox (rising national income and average happiness over time).
415. Easterlin, R. A. — the Easterlin paradox and rising aspirations (rising income and the hedonic treadmill).
416. Easterlin, R. A. — work on relative income, rising aspirations, and wellbeing.
417. Easterlin, R. A. — work on rising aspirations and the Easterlin paradox (income, expectations, and reported wellbeing).
418. Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Smilek, D. (2012). The Unengaged Mind: Defining Boredom in Terms of Attention. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 482–495.
419. Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Über das Gedächtnis (Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology) — the forgetting curve and relearning savings.
420. Economic Policy Institute — analyses of wages relative to the cost of living.
421. Economic Policy Institute, analysis of wage growth versus productivity growth over recent decades.
422. Ed Diener — subjective wellbeing framework distinguishing positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction (e.g., Diener, E., Subjective Well-Being, Psychological Bulletin, 1984; Satisfaction With Life Scale, 1985).
423. Edmondson, A. C. — research on psychological safety and its link to team learning and performance.
424. Educational context only — not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician before cold or heat exposure, especially with any cardiovascular condition or pregnancy.
425. Educational context only — not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician for anything persistent.
426. Educational context only — not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis or treatment.
427. Educational context only — not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician for persistent daytime sleepiness.
428. Educational only — not medical advice.
429. Educational summary only — not medical advice; for persistent or overwhelming distress, consult a qualified mental-health professional.
430. Eisenberg, M. E., et al. — survey research linking frequency of family meals with adolescent health and wellbeing (Project EAT and related studies).
431. Ekelund, U., et al. (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1302–1310.
432. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior, and work on cultural display rules.
433. Eli J. Finkel — The All-or-Nothing Marriage (research on rising expectations of modern relationships).
434. Elpidorou, A. (2014). The bright side of boredom. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1245.
435. Emerging research on doomscrolling and wellbeing (a young, largely correlational field; findings treated as provisional).
436. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.
437. Emotionally Focused Therapy research — Sue Johnson and colleagues.
438. Encore.org / CoGenerate — research and accounts of encore and later-life careers.
439. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness Therapy: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. American Psychological Association.
440. Epicurus — letters and principal doctrines on modest, sustainable pleasures and friendship (philosophical context).
441. Epidemiological and environmental-health research on chronic noise exposure, stress responses, and cardiovascular outcomes.
442. Epidemiological research on age and the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders across the lifespan.
443. Epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of social anxiety disorder (prevalence estimates vary by country and definition).
444. Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly Seeking Solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980–1999.
445. Epley, N., Kardas, M., and colleagues — experiments showing people underestimate the rewards and overestimate the awkwardness of deep conversation with strangers.
446. Epstein, D. (2019). Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World. — including the 'kind' vs. 'wicked' learning-environment distinction and the case for sampling and matching.
447. Eric Klinenberg — Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone.
448. Ericsson, K. A. — research on deliberate practice and expert performance (elite performers sustaining roughly four hours of intense practice per day).
449. Ericsson, K. A., & Pool, R. (2016). Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise.
450. Ericsson, K. A., and colleagues — research on deliberate practice and expertise.
451. Ericsson, K. A., et al. — research on deliberate practice and the acquisition of expert performance.
452. Ericsson, K. A., et al. — research on deliberate practice and the development of expert performance.
453. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406.
454. Erik Erikson — psychosocial stages of development; generativity versus stagnation as the central task of midlife adulthood.
455. Erikson, E. H. — lifespan theory of psychosocial development, including the midlife stage of generativity vs. stagnation.
456. Erikson, E. H. — psychosocial development and the concept of generativity vs. stagnation in midlife.
457. Erikson, E. H. — psychosocial development and the midlife stage of generativity versus stagnation.
458. Erikson, E. H. — Psychosocial stages, including generativity (midlife) and integrity (later life).
459. Erikson, E. H. — theory of eight psychosocial stages of development (Childhood and Society; Identity and the Life Cycle).
460. Eschleman, K. J., et al. — research finding creative hobbies associated with better work performance and recovery.
461. Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2019). Not Learning From Failure—The Greatest Failure of All. Psychological Science, 30(12), 1733–1744.
462. Evolutionary social psychology on relative standing, status, and self-evaluation (general literature).
463. Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2017). Binge Viewing, Sleep, and the Role of Pre-Sleep Arousal. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(8), 1001–1008.
464. Existential and humanistic psychology on restlessness and the human pull toward meaning and growth (e.g., Frankl, Maslow).
465. Existential psychology and research on meaning across life transitions and milestones.
466. Expectancy studies on parent ratings of children's behaviour after being told the child had consumed sugar (e.g., Hoover & Milich-type designs).
467. Expectation-disconfirmation research (satisfaction as a function of outcomes relative to prior expectations).
468. Expected value (the average outcome of an uncertain payoff) applied to warranty pricing.
469. Experian — average consumer balances (credit cards, student loans, auto loans).
470. Exposure-therapy research base for anxiety disorders and phobias (graded exposure and fear extinction).
471. Fact-checking and journalistic investigation of the unsourced 'eight-second attention span' / goldfish comparison.
472. Falbo, T. — body of research on the development and adjustment of only children.
473. Falbo, T. — subsequent research on only children and social outcomes.
474. Falbo, T., & Polit, D. F. (1986). Quantitative review of the only child literature: Research evidence and theory development. Psychological Bulletin, 100(2), 176–189.
475. Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C. M., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021). Nonverbal Mechanisms Predict Zoom Fatigue and Explain Why Women Experience Higher Levels than Men. SSRN / Computers in Human Behavior Reports.
476. Federal Reserve — Survey of Consumer Finances and Distributional Financial Accounts (generational wealth).
477. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta — Wage Growth Tracker (median wage growth for job-switchers vs. job-stayers).
478. Federal Reserve Bank of New York — Household Debt and Credit Report (composition of household debt).
479. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit — total household debt and composition by type.
480. Federal Reserve, Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (share of payments made in cash).
481. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED, 2023) — $400 emergency expense coverage.
482. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED, 2023) — emergency expense coverage and emergency savings.
483. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED, 2023) — emergency expense coverage.
484. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED, 2023) — emergency expenses, financial fragility.
485. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED) — emergency expense coverage (~$400).
486. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED) — emergency expense coverage and financial well-being.
487. Federal Reserve, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED) and research on financial fragility, income volatility, and emergency-expense coverage.
488. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances — inheritances and intergenerational transfers.
489. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances — retirement account balances by age.
490. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022) — debt by age and life cycle.
491. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022) — median net worth by age and asset composition.
492. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022) — median net worth by age.
493. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022) — net worth by age.
494. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (2022).
495. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (income versus net worth; role of inheritance and home ownership).
496. Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) — household savings and net worth.
497. Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868.
498. Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Flustered and faithful: Embarrassment as a signal of prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
499. Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Schultz, M. (2014). Gossip and Ostracism Promote Cooperation in Groups. Psychological Science, 25(3), 656–664.
500. Feinberg, M., Willer, R., Stellar, J., & Keltner, D. (2012). The Virtues of Gossip: Reputational Information Sharing as Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1015–1030.
501. Fernandes, D., Lynch, J. G., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2014). Financial Literacy, Financial Education, and Downstream Financial Behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), 1861–1883.
502. Festinger, L. — A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (post-decision rationalization: upgrading the chosen option and downgrading the rejected one to reduce discomfort).
503. Festinger, L. — A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (tension from inconsistency and its resolution through rationalisation).
504. Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140 — the basis for comparison-driven emotions.
505. Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.
506. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
507. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups — proximity and friendship formation.
508. Fiduciary vs. commission advice models — fee-only fiduciary advisors and the conflicts of interest in commission-based advice.
509. Finkel, E. J. (2017). The All-or-Nothing Marriage: How the Best Marriages Work. Dutton.
510. Finkel, E. J., Hui, C. M., Carswell, K. L., & Larson, G. M. (2014). The Suffocation of Marriage: Climbing Mount Maslow Without Enough Oxygen. Psychological Inquiry, 25(1), 1–41.
511. Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2013). The relative benefits of learning by teaching and teaching expectancy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38(4), 281–288.
512. Fischhoff, B. — research on hindsight bias (the tendency to see outcomes as more foreseeable after the fact).
513. Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight ≠ foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(3), 288–299.
514. Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(3), 288–299.
515. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. — research on the warmth and competence dimensions and the stereotype content model.
516. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. — research on the warmth and competence dimensions of social perception.
517. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. — the warmth-competence model of social perception (warmth judged before competence).
518. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. — the stereotype content model (warmth and competence dimensions of social perception).
519. Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human Performance — stages of skill acquisition.
520. Fleeson, W., and colleagues — research on acting extraverted and momentary positive affect.
521. Flett, G. L. — research on mattering and 'anti-mattering' and their links to wellbeing, depression, and loneliness.
522. Flynn, F. J., & Bohns, V. K. — research on underestimating others' willingness to comply with direct requests for help.
523. Flynn, J. R. — research on rising IQ scores over time (the Flynn effect).
524. Forer, B. R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44(1), 118–123.
525. Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ, 337, a2338.
526. Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network. BMJ, 337, a2338.
527. Fraley, R. C. — longitudinal research and reviews on the stability of attachment from infancy to adulthood.
528. Frank, R. H. (2016). Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy.
529. Frank, R. H. (2016). Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy. Princeton University Press.
530. Frankl, V. E. — Man's Search for Meaning and the view of meaning as a basic human motivation.
531. Frankl, V. E. — Man's Search for Meaning, and the concept of the 'will to meaning' as a core human drive.
532. Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic Adaptation. In Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology.
533. Freeman, S., et al. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. PNAS, 111(23), 8410–8415.
534. Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2013/2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.
535. Frias, A. et al. — research on mortality reflection and gratitude.
536. Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R. — Type A/Type B behaviour patterns and time urgency.
537. Gable, S. L., and colleagues — research on capitalization (sharing good news and the role of responsive, enthusiastic reactions).
538. Gal, D., & McShane, B. B. (2012). Can Small Victories Help Win the War? Evidence from Consumer Debt Management. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(4), 487–501. (debt-snowball motivation)
539. Galenson, D. W. — research distinguishing conceptual innovators (who peak young) from experimental innovators (who peak late).
540. Gallup — Q12 employee engagement research, including the 'I have a best friend at work' item and its association with engagement, productivity and retention.
541. Gallup — workplace burnout reporting.
542. Gallup / national volunteering surveys — prevalence of formal and informal volunteering.
543. Gallup and large national wellbeing surveys on urban vs rural life satisfaction (mixed findings).
544. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — employee engagement (~21% actively engaged).
545. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — employee engagement and recognition.
546. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — employee engagement data.
547. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — employee engagement.
548. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — share of actively engaged workers worldwide.
549. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — share of actively engaged workers.
550. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace — worker engagement (roughly 21% actively engaged).
551. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace (2023) — worker engagement worldwide.
552. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace (2023) — worldwide employee engagement.
553. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace (2023).
554. Gallup, State of the Global Workplace (workplace engagement and management research).
555. Gallup. State of the Global Workplace and engagement research on the manager's effect on employee engagement.
556. Galton, F. (1907). Vox Populi. Nature, 75, 450–451 (the ox-weight estimation example).
557. Gardner, H. — Theory of Multiple Intelligences (widely popular but scientifically contested).
558. Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Who's in Charge? Free Will and the Science of the Brain. Ecco. (The 'interpreter' and split-brain confabulation.)
559. GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392(10152), 1015–1035.
560. General adult sleep-duration guidance from major sleep-health bodies (approximately seven or more hours; individual needs vary).
561. General clinical descriptions of anhedonia (persistent loss of interest or pleasure) as a feature of depression — educational background, not a diagnostic source.
562. General clinical guidance on distinguishing normal anxiety from anxiety disorders (educational context; not a diagnostic source).
563. General developmental literature on parental differential treatment (PDT) and sibling relationships.
564. General housing economics and rent-vs-buy analyses — the framework behind widely used rent-vs-buy calculators (length of stay, appreciation, rates, costs, opportunity cost of the down payment).
565. General literature on the limitations of BMI as an individual measure of health (muscle vs fat, fat distribution, age, and ethnicity).
566. General national stress surveys (e.g., large annual adult stress surveys) on the prevalence of self-reported stress.
567. General physical activity guidelines (e.g. ~150 minutes of moderate activity per week) — public-health guidance.
568. General physiological guidance that thirst is a reasonable hydration signal for most healthy people.
569. General placebo effect research on expectation, pain, symptom reporting, and physiological response.
570. General primary-care literature on fatigue as a common presenting complaint (background context only — not a diagnostic source for any individual).
571. General psychology of time perception (the widely reported subjective acceleration of time with age; explanations remain partly supported and unsettled).
572. General research on marital and relationship quality and its association with loneliness (felt closeness and responsiveness rather than relationship status alone).
573. General research on reactive (post-meal) blood-sugar responses and reactive hypoglycemia nuance.
574. General reviews of acute and chronic stress effects on judgment and decision-making.
575. General Social Survey (GSS) and national surveys on number of sexual and romantic partners — figures are approximate and self-reported.
576. General Social Survey (NORC at the University of Chicago) — long-run interpersonal trust items.
577. General survey data on parental regret and child-free regret (figures approximate; minority on both sides; vary by study, country, and question wording).
578. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce — research on earnings by education and experience.
579. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce — research on the economic value of college majors and returns by degree and field.
580. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. The College Payoff and analyses of earnings by major and credential.
581. Gerber, J. P., Wheeler, L., & Suls, J. (2018). A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on. Psychological Bulletin, 144(2), 177–197.
582. Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539–579.
583. Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453–469.
584. Gilbert, D. T., & Ebert, J. E. J. (2002). Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 503–514.
585. Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. — affective forecasting and the 'psychological immune system'.
586. Gilbert, P. — social rank theory and research on social comparison, status, and mood.
587. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1994). The temporal pattern to the experience of regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 357–365.
588. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102(2), 379–395.
589. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The Experience of Regret: What, When, and Why. Psychological Review, 102(2), 379–395.
590. Gilovich, T., & Roese, N. J. — regret research on action versus inaction and what people regret over time.
591. Gilovich, T., and colleagues — research on the spotlight effect (overestimating how much others notice us).
592. Gilovich, T., and colleagues — subsequent research on experiential vs. material purchases and hedonic adaptation.
593. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The Spotlight Effect in Social Judgment: An Egocentric Bias in Estimates of the Salience of One's Own Actions and Appearance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
594. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — overestimating how much others notice us.
595. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
596. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The Spotlight Effect in Social Judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
597. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
598. Gilovich, T., Savitsky, K., & Medvec, V. H. (1998). The Illusion of Transparency: Biased Assessments of Others' Ability to Read One's Emotional States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 332–346.
599. Glass, J., Simon, R. W., & Andersson, M. A. — research on the parenting happiness penalty and its relationship to family policy across countries.
600. Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life — impression management.
601. Goldberg, W. A., et al. — reviews of maternal employment and child development.
602. Golder, S. A., & Macy, M. W. (2011). Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures. Science, 333(6051), 1878–1881.
603. Gollwitzer, P. M. — implementation intentions: specifying when, where, and how to act improves goal follow-through.
604. Gollwitzer, P. M. — research on implementation intentions ('if-then' plans and follow-through).
605. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503.
606. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of Effects and Processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119.
607. Golman, R., Hagmann, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Information Avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96–135.
608. Gottman, J. M. — finding that roughly two-thirds of relationship problems are 'perpetual' (managed rather than solved). The Gottman Institute.
609. Gottman, J. M. — research on conflict handling and relationship stability.
610. Gottman, J. M. — research on conflict, repair attempts, and the positive-to-negative interaction ratio in couples.
611. Gottman, J. M. — research on the positive-to-negative interaction ratio (the '5:1' or 'magic ratio') and stable couples. The Gottman Institute.
612. Gottman, J. M., & colleagues — research on the transition to parenthood and marital satisfaction.
613. Gottman, J. M., & Gottman, J. S. — research on conflict, communication and relationship stability.
614. Gottman, J. M., & Gottman, J. S. — research on responsiveness, conflict and long-term relationship satisfaction.
615. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178.
616. Goyal, M., et al. (2014). Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357–368.
617. Gračanin, A., Bylsma, L. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2014). Is crying a self-soothing behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 502.
618. Graduate survey data on degree and major regret (various polls of college graduates; figures are approximate and self-reported, and vary by survey, field, and year).
619. Graeber, D. (2018). Bullshit Jobs: A Theory — including the cited YouGov poll on whether workers feel their job makes a meaningful contribution (treated as self-report).
620. Granovetter, M. — research on weak ties and finding jobs through networks.
621. Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
622. Granow, V. C., Reinecke, L., & Ziegele, M. (2018). Binge-Watching and Psychological Well-Being: Media Use Between Lack of Control and Perceived Autonomy. Communication Research Reports, 35(5), 392–401.
623. Grant, A. (2021). Popular framing of 'languishing' as a widespread not-depressed-but-not-flourishing state.
624. Grant, A. M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. — work on death awareness and its effects on generative and prosocial motivation at work.
625. Greven, C. U., et al. (2019). Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 98, 287–305.
626. Griskevicius, V., and colleagues — research on childhood socioeconomic status, life-history strategies, and present-oriented vs. future-oriented financial decision-making under uncertainty.
627. Gross, J. J. — research on emotion regulation, reappraisal, and expressive suppression.
628. Gross, J. J. (1998, 2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences — research on reappraisal versus expressive suppression.
629. Gross, J. J. (1998, 2002). The emerging field of emotion regulation; and antecedent- vs. response-focused emotion regulation, including expressive suppression. Review of General Psychology / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
630. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology — the process model.
631. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291.
632. Gross, J. J. (ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation — the process model of emotion regulation.
633. Gross, J. J. (ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation.
634. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: reappraisal and suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
635. Grossmann, I. — research on wise reasoning, self-distancing, and the situational variability of wisdom.
636. Group polarization research — the tendency of group discussion to shift positions toward a more extreme version of their initial lean.
637. Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011). A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 222–233.
638. Gruber, M. J., Gelman, B. D., & Ranganath, C. (2014). States of Curiosity Modulate Hippocampus-Dependent Learning via the Dopaminergic Circuit. Neuron, 84(2), 486–496.
639. Gut-brain axis research on vagus nerve, immune signalling, and microbial metabolite communication.
640. Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3(4), 367–388.
641. Habit and behaviour-change research emphasising environment, cues, routines, and support over willpower as drivers of lasting change.
642. Habit research on cue-triggered behaviour (e.g. Wood & Neal on habit formation and context cues).
643. Habituation / sensory adaptation — the well-established tendency of the nervous system to respond less to repeated stimuli.
644. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279.
645. Hagger, M. S., et al. (2016). A Multilab Preregistered Replication of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 546–573.
646. Haidt, J. (2001). The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834.
647. Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon.
648. Haidt, J. (2024). The Anxious Generation. (Argues smartphones and social media are major drivers of rising youth anxiety and depression since the early 2010s.)
649. Hall, J. A. (2019). How many hours does it take to make a friend? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1278–1296.
650. Hamermesh, D. S. — research on physical attractiveness and earnings (the 'beauty premium').
651. Harris, J. R. (1998). The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do.
652. Harris, T. and the broader 'attention economy' critique — accounts of persuasive design and engagement-maximising features in consumer technology.
653. Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children — the 'word gap' research and its later replication caveats.
654. Hartshorne, J. K., & Germine, L. T. (2015). When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? Psychological Science, 26(4), 433–443.
655. Hartshorne, J. K., & Germine, L. T. (2015). When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span. Psychological Science, 26(4), 433–443.
656. Hartshorne, J. K., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Pinker, S. (2018). A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers. Cognition, 177, 263–277.
657. Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies — housing affordability and price-to-income trends.
658. Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, America's Rental Housing report — share of renter households cost-burdened and severely cost-burdened.
659. Harvard Study of Adult Development — long-running study on relationships and wellbeing (Robert Waldinger & Marc Schulz).
660. Harvard Study of Adult Development — Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. (relationship quality at midlife and healthier, happier aging).
661. Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity (the illusory truth effect). Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107–112.
662. Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. — research distinguishing passionate love from companionate love.
663. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100.
664. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993/1994). Emotional Contagion. (Research program on automatic emotional mimicry and convergence.)
665. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional Contagion. Cambridge University Press.
666. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227.
667. Hawthorne studies (1920s–1930s) and subsequent re-analyses of the Hawthorne effect / measurement reactivity.
668. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
669. Health-authority guidance that total fluid comes from food and beverages and that daily needs vary by sex, age, activity, and climate (intake reference values given as ranges).
670. Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2007). Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die.
671. Hedonic adaptation — the tendency to adjust to circumstances over time so their emotional impact fades (applied to relationships as well as material conditions).
672. Hedonic adaptation — the well-established finding that wellbeing tends to return toward a baseline after major positive and negative events.
673. Hedonic adaptation and happiness set-point research (twin and longitudinal studies of stable baseline wellbeing).
674. Hedonic adaptation and the arrival fallacy — the tendency to adjust back toward a baseline after good or bad changes.
675. Hedonic adaptation research — the tendency for emotional responses to improvements in status and circumstances to fade toward a baseline over time.
676. Hedonic adaptation research — the tendency to return toward a baseline level of wellbeing after gains and setbacks.
677. Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. — the Meaning Maintenance Model (the need to perceive coherence and meaning, and reaffirmation after its violation).
678. Helen Fisher — research on lust, attraction, and attachment as separable brain systems, and brain imaging of romantic love (reward and motivation circuitry).
679. Helen Fisher and colleagues — brain-imaging research on romantic rejection and the brain's reward, motivation, and craving systems.
680. Helliwell, J. F., et al. World Happiness Report — average life evaluations (Cantril ladder, 0–10).
681. Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J., et al. — World Happiness Report (annual), on cross-country differences in subjective wellbeing and their correlates.
682. Henkel, L. A. (2014). Point-and-Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour. Psychological Science, 25(2), 396–402.
683. Henrich, J., and colleagues — cross-cultural research on cooperation and fairness in economic games.
684. Henrich, J., et al. (2001/2005). Cross-cultural studies of fairness in the ultimatum game.
685. Hershfield, H. E. — research on future-self continuity and saving behaviour.
686. Hershfield, H. E., & Mogilner, C. — research on valuing time versus money and wellbeing (e.g., Mogilner, C., & Norton, M. I. studies on time, money and happiness).
687. Herzog, H. (2011). The Impact of Pets on Human Health and Psychological Well-Being: Fact, Fiction, or Hypothesis? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 236–239.
688. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340.
689. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340.
690. Hill, P. L., & Turiano, N. A. (2014). Purpose in Life as a Predictor of Mortality Across Adulthood. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1482–1486.
691. Hill, P. L., and colleagues — research on sense of purpose across the lifespan and its associations with health and longevity.
692. Hitokoto, H., & Uchida, Y. — Interdependent Happiness Scale (harmony- and relationship-based wellbeing).
693. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling — concept of emotional labor.
694. Holland, J. L. — RIASEC theory of vocational personalities and work environments (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional).
695. Holt-Lunstad, J., and colleagues — meta-analyses linking strong social connection to substantially lower mortality risk (mostly observational studies).
696. Holt-Lunstad, J., et al. — subsequent research on social isolation, loneliness, and mortality risk.
697. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7).
698. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237.
699. Horwitz, T. B., et al. (2023) — large-scale analysis of trait similarity across human couples.
700. How Couples Meet and Stay Together (HCMST) survey, Stanford University (Michael Rosenfeld and colleagues).
701. Howe, N., & Recchia, H. — reviews of sibling relationships and child development.
702. Hsee, C. K., Yang, A. X., & Wang, L. (2010). Idleness Aversion and the Need for Justifiable Busyness. Psychological Science, 21(7), 926–930.
703. Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. — studies on volitional (intentional) personality change.
704. Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751–768.
705. Hunter, E. C. M., Sierra, M., & David, A. S. (2004). The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(1), 9–18.
706. Ibarra, H. — 'Working Identity: Unconventional Strategies for Reinventing Your Career' and related research on career transitions (career change as identity transformation; experimenting with possible selves; the failure of 'plan then act').
707. Ibarra, H. — research and writing on sponsorship and advocacy in career advancement.
708. Ibarra, H. — research and writing on the distinction between mentorship and sponsorship in career advancement.
709. Ickes, W. — empathic accuracy research (how accurately people infer others' thoughts and feelings, including among couples).
710. Index-fund and investment-cost research on expense ratios and net returns over long horizons.
711. Industry and academic screen-time and phone-pickup estimates (treated as approximate; figures vary by study and method).
712. Itzchakov, G., & Kluger, A. N. (2017–2018). The effects of high-quality (attentive) listening on speakers. Research on listening and attitudes.
713. Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 995–1006.
714. Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 995–1006.
715. Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 129–146.
716. Jacka, F. N., et al. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial). BMC Medicine, 15, 23.
717. Jakubiak, B. K., & Feeney, B. C. — research on affectionate touch as a means of communicating support and security in close relationships.
718. James, W. (1884). What Is an Emotion? Mind, 9(34), 188–205 (the James-Lange tradition).
719. Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink (and later work on groupthink and consensus pressure).
720. Jaques, E. (1965). Death and the mid-life crisis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 46(4), 502–514.
721. Jay, M. (2012). The Defining Decade — counterpoint arguing the 20s carry significant long-term consequences.
722. Jeffrey Hall — research on friendship expectations and standards (symmetrical reciprocity, agency, enjoyment/positivity) and the time it takes to form close friendships.
723. Job-conditions research on autonomy, fairness, workload, and relationships as drivers of job satisfaction.
724. Job-crafting and work-meaning research (task, relational, and cognitive crafting).
725. Job, V., Dweck, C. S., & Walton, G. M. (2010). Ego Depletion—Is It All in Your Head? Implicit Theories About Willpower Affect Self-Regulation. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1686–1693.
726. John C. Bogle — writing and research on index-fund investing and the long-run impact of fees on returns.
727. John T. Cacioppo and colleagues — research framing loneliness as a subjective, perceived gap in social connection.
728. Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. — the actor-observer asymmetry in causal attribution.
729. Jongman-Sereno, K. P., & Leary, M. R. — research on feeling authentic and the role of socially desirable behaviour.
730. Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Misery Has More Company Than People Think: Underestimating the Prevalence of Others' Negative Emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 120–135.
731. Joshanloo, M. — research on fear of happiness / 'cherophobia' and cross-cultural measurement of fear-of-happiness beliefs.
732. Kahneman, D. — the focusing illusion ('nothing in life is as important as you think it is while you are thinking about it').
733. Kahneman, D. — the peak-end rule: retrospective evaluations are dominated by the most intense moment and the ending of an experience.
734. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow — System 1 (intuition) and System 2 (deliberation).
735. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (dual-process reasoning and cognitive biases).
736. Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. PNAS, 107(38), 16489–16493.
737. Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515–526.
738. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. — loss aversion and prospect theory (losses loom larger than equivalent gains).
739. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. — research on loss aversion and the sunk-cost effect (prospect theory).
740. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. — the planning fallacy (intuitive prediction and the tendency to underestimate task completion times).
741. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. — the planning fallacy (systematic underestimation of task duration).
742. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. — the planning fallacy (systematic underestimation of task time and risk).
743. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica — overweighting of small probabilities.
744. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291 (loss aversion).
745. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
746. Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1325–1348.
747. Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM). Science, 306(5702), 1776–1780.
748. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. — Attention Restoration Theory (natural environments and the recovery of directed attention).
749. Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework (Attention Restoration Theory). Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182.
750. Kapur, M. (2008). Productive Failure. Cognition and Instruction, 26(3), 379–424.
751. Karasek, R. — Job Demand-Control Model (job strain arising from high demands combined with low control/autonomy).
752. Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign (demand-control model). Administrative Science Quarterly.
753. Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & Seppi, D. (2009). The ostrich effect: Selective attention to information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(2), 95–115.
754. Kasser, T. (2002). The High Price of Materialism. MIT Press.
755. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. — research on intrinsic vs. extrinsic goals and their relationship to wellbeing (e.g., materialistic goals and lower wellbeing).
756. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993, 1996). Research on extrinsic (wealth/image/status) versus intrinsic life goals and wellbeing.
757. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 410–422.
758. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280–287.
759. Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. — research on time affluence and wellbeing.
760. Keller, A., et al. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677–684.
761. Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
762. Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1997). Embarrassment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions. Psychological Bulletin, 122(3), 250–270.
763. Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. — research on the components of authenticity (awareness, unbiased processing, behaviour, relational orientation).
764. Keyes, C. L. M. — research on the mental-health continuum, languishing, and flourishing.
765. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222.
766. Killingsworth, M. A. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. PNAS, 118(4).
767. Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind. Science, 330(6006), 932 — mind-wandering about 47% of the time.
768. Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind. Science, 330(6006), 932 — minds wandering about 47% of the time and its link to mood.
769. Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind. Science, 330(6006), 932.
770. Killingsworth, M. A., Kahneman, D., & Mellers, B. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. PNAS, 120(10).
771. Kim, P. H., Ferrin, D. L., Cooper, C. D., & Dirks, K. T. (2004). Removing the Shadow of Suspicion: The Effects of Apology versus Denial for Repairing Competence- versus Integrity-Based Trust Violations. Journal of Applied Psychology.
772. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. — research on everyday sources of meaning in life.
773. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. — research on how people find meaning in everyday life.
774. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. — research on meaning in everyday life and ordinary positive experience.
775. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. — research on meaning in everyday life and the experience of meaning.
776. Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86.
777. Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (1996). Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief.
778. Klein, G. — naturalistic decision making and research on expert intuition.
779. Klontz, B. et al. — research on money scripts (unconscious money beliefs formed in childhood and their link to financial behaviour).
780. Klontz, B., and colleagues — research on 'money scripts': core money beliefs formed in childhood and their links to adult financial behaviour.
781. Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254–284.
782. Kossek, E. E., and colleagues — research on work-life boundary management and boundary control.
783. Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 281–342.
784. Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 281–342.
785. Kross, E. — research on self-distancing and reflecting on negative experiences from a stepped-back perspective.
786. Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. — research on self-distancing, self-talk, and rumination (e.g., Self-Distancing: Theory, Research, and Current Directions, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2017).
787. Krueger, A. B., & Summers, L. H. (1988). Efficiency Wages and the Inter-Industry Wage Structure. Econometrica, 56(2), 259–293.
788. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134.
789. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and Unaware of It. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134.
790. Kruger, J., Wirtz, D., Van Boven, L., & Altermatt, T. W. (2004). The effort heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 91–98.
791. Krumboltz, J. D. — Planned Happenstance / Happenstance Learning Theory (career development).
792. Krumboltz, J. D. — Planned Happenstance theory of career development.
793. Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. — research on intellectual humility, learning, and openness.
794. Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On Death and Dying — origin of the 'five stages,' and later critiques of its application to grief.
795. Kumar, A., Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilovich, T. (2014). Waiting for Merlot: Anticipatory Consumption of Experiential and Material Purchases. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1924–1931.
796. Kunda, Z. (1990). The Case for Motivated Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498.
797. Kushlev, K., Proulx, J., & Dunn, E. W. (2016). 'Silence Your Phones': Smartphone Notifications Increase Inattention and Hyperactivity Symptoms. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
798. LaFreniere, L. S., & Newman, M. G. (2020). Exposing Worry's Deceit: Percentage of Untrue Worries in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Treatment. Behavior Therapy — note: small study.
799. Laibson, D. — hyperbolic discounting and present bias in intertemporal choice (behavioral economics).
800. Laibson, D. — hyperbolic discounting and present bias in intertemporal choice (behavioural economics).
801. Lally, P., and colleagues — research on habit formation, including the highly variable time for behaviors to become automatic.
802. Lally, P., et al. — research on how long habit formation actually takes.
803. Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009.
804. Langer, E. J. (1975). The Illusion of Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.
805. Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. — research on mixed emotions and the simultaneous experience of happiness and sadness (e.g., studies of poignant moments such as graduation).
806. Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1095–1110.
807. Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684–696.
808. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21(1), 1–39.
809. Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn't He Help? — research on the bystander effect.
810. Latitude and seasonal mood studies examining how reported seasonal mood problems vary with distance from the equator.
811. Laukkanen, T., et al. — Finnish prospective cohort studies associating frequent sauna use with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk (observational).
812. Le Texier, T. (2019). Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychologist, 74(7), 823–839.
813. Leary, M. R. — sociometer theory of self-esteem (self-esteem as a gauge of perceived social acceptance and belonging).
814. Leary, M. R. — sociometer theory of self-esteem (self-esteem as a gauge of social acceptance).
815. Leary, M. R., and colleagues — research on intellectual humility and its correlates.
816. LeDoux, J. E. — research on the amygdala and threat-processing circuitry, and the distinction between survival circuits and the conscious feeling of fear (e.g. The Emotional Brain; Anxious).
817. Lee, I-M., et al. (2019). Association of Step Volume and Intensity With All-Cause Mortality in Older Women. JAMA Internal Medicine.
818. Lee, L. O., et al. (2019). Optimism is associated with exceptional longevity in 2 epidemiologic cohorts of men and women. PNAS, 116(37), 18357–18362.
819. Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. Wiley.
820. Leonardelli, G. J., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2010). Optimal Distinctiveness Theory: A Framework for Social Identity, Social Cognition, and Intergroup Relations. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 63–113.
821. Lerner, M. J. — the just-world hypothesis (the belief in a fair world where people get what they deserve).
822. Leroy, S. (2009). Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 168–181.
823. Levinson, D. J. (1978). The Seasons of a Man's Life.
824. Lewicki, R. J., & Brinsfield, C. — research on trust development and repair processes.
825. Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships. In Trust in Organizations (eds. Kramer & Tyler).
826. Lewicki, R. J., Polin, B., & Lount, R. B. Jr. (2016). An Exploration of the Structure of Effective Apologies. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 9(2), 177–196 (components of effective apologies; responsibility and offer of repair as most important).
827. Li, Y., et al. (2018). Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation, 138(4), 345–355.
828. Lieberman, M. D. et al. — research on affect labelling ('putting feelings into words').
829. Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling Disrupts Amygdala Activity in Response to Affective Stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428.
830. Lieberman, M. D., et al. (2007). Putting feelings into words (affect labeling). Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428.
831. Lieberman, M. D., et al. (2007). Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling Disrupts Amygdala Activity in Response to Affective Stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428.
832. Lifespan and developmental research on how sibling closeness shifts with age and life circumstances.
833. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice.
834. Lindqvist, E., Östling, R., & Cesarini, D. (2018). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being (large Swedish lottery study).
835. Literature on dissociation, depersonalisation, and derealisation as responses to overwhelming stress and trauma.
836. Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years. Journal of Documentation, 61(6), 700–712.
837. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. — Goal-setting theory (clear, specific goals and motivation/performance).
838. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. — goal-setting theory (specific, challenging goals and performance).
839. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. — goal-setting theory (specific, realistic goals outperform vague 'do your best' goals).
840. Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75–98.
841. Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. — research on preferences for improving versus declining sequences over time.
842. Loftus, E. F. — research on memory reconstruction, false memories, and the misinformation effect (including the leading-questions and post-event information studies).
843. Loftus, E. F. — research on reconstructive memory (remembering as an active, editable rebuilding of the past rather than a recording).
844. Loneliness-prevalence research across age groups (measurement and estimates vary by study and country).
845. Long-run research and index reports finding most actively managed funds underperform low-cost index funds after fees.
846. Long-running studies of relationships and wellbeing (e.g., the Harvard Study of Adult Development).
847. Longitudinal and panel studies linking younger subjective age to self-rated health, cognitive performance, and reduced mortality risk.
848. Longitudinal research on relationship satisfaction and the trajectory of love over time.
849. Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Goldberg, W. A., & Prause, J. (2010). Maternal work early in the lives of children and its distal associations with achievement and behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 915–942.
850. Lucas, R. E. (2005). Time does not heal all wounds: adaptation to widowhood and divorce.
851. Lucas, R. E., and colleagues — adaptation to major life events using the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP); marriage, widowhood, and other event-specific adaptation findings.
852. Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. — research on adaptation to life events including marriage, using the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
853. Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003–2004). Panel studies of adaptation to life events using the German Socio-Economic Panel (marriage, widowhood, unemployment).
854. Lucas, R. E., et al. (2004). Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction ('scarring').
855. Luescher, K., & Pillemer, K. — the concept of intergenerational ambivalence in family relationships.
856. Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age (U-shaped pattern).
857. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. — international financial-literacy survey research.
858. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. — research on financial literacy and its measurement.
859. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5–44 — financial literacy and the 'Big Three' questions.
860. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5–44.
861. Luttmer, E. F. P. (2005). Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3), 963–1002.
862. Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness Is a Stochastic Phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7(3), 186–189.
863. Lysgaard, S. — the U-curve of cross-cultural adjustment (note: widely cited but contested in later research).
864. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855.
865. Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. (Note: the model's percentage breakdown has since been critiqued and revised.)
866. Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. (The model's specific percentage breakdown has since been critiqued and revised.)
867. MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552.
868. Machiavelli, N., The Prince — the 'better to be feared than loved' position, cited here as the popular foil.
869. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate Practice and Performance — meta-analysis. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1608–1618.
870. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1608–1618.
871. Maguire, E. A., et al. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. PNAS, 97(8), 4398–4403.
872. Maister, D. H. — The Psychology of Waiting Lines (principles of perceived wait time).
873. Maister, D. H. — The Psychology of Waiting Lines (the eight principles of perceived waiting time).
874. Maltz, M. (1960). Psycho-Cybernetics — origin of the misattributed '21-day' figure (a clinical observation about adjusting to a new self-image, not habit formation).
875. Mann, S., & Cadman, R. (2014). Does Being Bored Make Us More Creative? Creativity Research Journal, 26(2), 165–173.
876. Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A. M., Samuels, B., & Chatman, J. (2007). Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. American Psychologist, 62(3), 220–233.
877. Manning, W. D., and colleagues — research on cohabitation, cohort change, and marital stability.
878. Mark, G. — workplace research on interruptions, task-switching, and fragmented attention.
879. Mark, G. (2023). Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness and Productivity — and related observational research on screen dwell time and interruptions.
880. Mark, G. (2023). Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness and Productivity — and related workplace interruption research.
881. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
882. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible Selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.
883. Marmot, M. G. et al. — the Whitehall studies of British civil servants (the social gradient in health and mortality).
884. Marsh, H. W. — the big-fish-little-pond effect (academic self-concept and the achievement level of one's school or group).
885. Martin, R. A. — reviews and assessments of humour and physical health (evidence described as weak and mixed).
886. Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266.
887. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. — the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the three-dimensional model of burnout.
888. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. — research on burnout and the Maslach Burnout Inventory.
889. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. — the 'Areas of Worklife' model (workload, control, reward, community, fairness, values).
890. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
891. Mastroianni, A. M., & Gilbert, D. T. (2023). The illusion of moral decline. Nature, 618, 782–789.
892. Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. — research on choice-supportive memory (remembering chosen options more favorably and rejected ones more negatively than originally judged).
893. Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Choice-supportive source monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 596–606. (Choice-supportive memory bias; effect later debated.)
894. Mather, M., & Lighthall, N. R. (2012). Risk and Reward Are Processed Differently in Decisions Made Under Stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 36–41.
895. Mauss, I. B., et al. — research on valuing happiness and how pursuing happiness too directly can backfire.
896. Mauss, I. B., et al. (2011). Can Seeking Happiness Make People Unhappy? Emotion.
897. Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011). Can Seeking Happiness Make People Unhappy? Paradoxical Effects of Valuing Happiness. Emotion, 11(4), 807–815.
898. McAdams, D. P. — narrative identity (the internalised, evolving life story as part of personality).
899. McAdams, D. P. (2001). The Psychology of Life Stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122.
900. McAdams, D. P. (2006). The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By. Oxford University Press.
901. McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative Identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.
902. McEwen, B. S. — research on allostatic load and the cumulative biological cost of chronic stress.
903. McEwen, B. S. — the concept of allostatic load (cumulative physiological wear from chronic stress).
904. McKeown, G. — Essentialism (the disciplined pursuit of less).
905. Mehl, M. R., and colleagues — recorded-conversation ('eavesdropping') research linking substantive conversation and small talk to wellbeing.
906. Meier, A., & Musick, K. — related research on family meals, selection, and adolescent outcomes.
907. Merton, R. K. (1957). Reference group theory (Social Theory and Social Structure).
908. Meta-analyses and large-scale studies evaluating the effects of mindset interventions (e.g. Sisk et al., 2018).
909. Meta-analyses of couples therapy efficacy (commonly cited improvement of roughly 70% of couples; figure is approximate and varies by approach and measure).
910. Meta-Gallup, State of Social Connections (2023) — global loneliness prevalence and age patterns.
911. Methodological critiques of network-effect studies on the difficulty of separating contagion from homophily and shared environment.
912. Methodological debate on distinguishing social contagion from homophily and shared environment in network studies.
913. Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. — research on executive control and the time costs of task-switching.
914. Microsoft, Work Trend Index — analyses of meeting and chat volume across collaboration tools.
915. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. — Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change (reviews of adult attachment and therapeutic change).
916. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. — attachment theory and adult attachment; avoidant deactivating strategies under stress.
917. Milanovic, B. — Global Inequality (global income distribution; the 'elephant chart').
918. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378 — and later reinterpretations (e.g., Haslam & Reicher).
919. Milkie, M. A., Nomaguchi, K. M., & Denny, K. E. (2015). Does the Amount of Time Mothers Spend With Children or Adolescents Matter? Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(2), 355–372.
920. Miller, D. T., & McFarland, C. — research on pluralistic ignorance and the assumption that others do not share one's private doubts.
921. Miller, D. T., & McFarland, C. (1987). Pluralistic ignorance: When similarity is interpreted as dissimilarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 298–305.
922. Mindfulness research on attention training and wellbeing.
923. Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J., & Yuan, M. (2016). The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices. Environment and Behavior, 48(2), 275–298.
924. Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., et al. — research on rosy retrospection (remembered versus in-the-moment evaluations of experiences), 1990s.
925. Mixed-findings literature on pet ownership and wellbeing (studies showing benefits, no effect, and downsides).
926. Mogilski, J. K., & Welling, L. L. M. — research on the reasons people stay friends with their exes and the outcomes associated with those reasons.
927. Mollenhorst, G., Völker, B., & Flap, H. — research on change and turnover in personal networks over time (re-interviewing the same individuals years apart).
928. Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., & Kirchner, J. — meta-analysis on actual and perceived similarity and attraction.
929. More in Common — research on the 'perception gap' in political attitudes.
930. Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children's motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 33–52.
931. Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. — research on scarcity and its effects on decision-making and bandwidth.
932. Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much — scarcity and cognitive bandwidth.
933. Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much.
934. Musick, K., & Meier, A. (2012). Assessing causality and persistence in associations between family dinners and adolescent well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(3), 476–493.
935. Nair, S., et al. (2015) — study on upright versus slumped posture and mood, self-esteem, and stress response.
936. National Association of Realtors — Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers (median age of first-time buyers).
937. National Association of Realtors, Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers — first-time buyer median age.
938. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) / National Institutes of Health — circadian rhythm and sleep–wake regulation.
939. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) — Major Depression statistics (past-year prevalence among U.S. adults), drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
940. Neff, K. — research on self-compassion and its links to lower self-criticism and wellbeing.
941. Neff, K. D. — research on self-compassion and its links to concern for others, empathy, and resilience.
942. Neff, K. D. — research on self-compassion and its relationship to wellbeing compared with self-esteem.
943. Neff, K. D. — research on self-compassion versus self-criticism and the friend-versus-self double standard.
944. Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.
945. Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.
946. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. — research and programs on cultivating self-compassion (e.g., Mindful Self-Compassion).
947. Neimeyer, R. A. — research on meaning reconstruction in grief and its association with adjustment after loss.
948. Nelissen, R. M. A., & Meijers, M. H. C. (2011). Social benefits of luxury brands as costly signals of wealth and status. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(5), 343–355.
949. Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. — research on parenthood, meaning, and wellbeing (parents' meaning vs day-to-day happiness).
950. Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The Pains and Pleasures of Parenting: When, Why, and How Is Parenthood Associated With More or Less Well-Being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846–895.
951. Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with well-being? — review of parenthood and wellbeing (meaning vs day-to-day happiness).
952. Nesse, R. M. — the 'smoke detector principle' and the evolutionary account of anxiety and defensive responses (e.g., Good Reasons for Bad Feelings).
953. Nestojko, J. F., Bui, D. C., Kornell, N., & Bjork, E. L. (2014). Expecting to teach enhances learning and organization of knowledge in free recall of text passages. Memory & Cognition, 42(7), 1038–1048.
954. Neugarten, B. L. — the social clock and the concept of 'on-time' versus 'off-time' life events.
955. Neugarten, B. L. — work on age norms and the social clock.
956. Neugarten, B. L. — work on the social clock and age norms in adult development.
957. Newport, C. — 'Deep Work' (a few hours of distraction-free cognitively demanding work as a realistic daily target).
958. Newport, C. — Deep Work (focused, distraction-free effort).
959. Newport, C. (2012). So Good They Can't Ignore You — critique of the 'passion hypothesis' and the craftsman mindset.
960. Newton, E. (1990). The tappers and listeners study (Stanford doctoral research on the curse of knowledge).
961. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network — Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), multiple publications following children from birth into adolescence.
962. NICHD SECCYD findings on child-care quality, hours of care, attachment, and behavioral outcomes.
963. NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development — childcare quality and child outcomes.
964. Nicholas Bloom (Stanford) — broader program of research and commentary on remote, hybrid, and in-office work and their effects on productivity, retention, mentoring, and innovation.
965. Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.
966. Nielsen — Total Audience Report (total daily media exposure across screens).
967. Nielsen / streaming industry viewing reports — prevalence of multi-episode viewing.
968. Nielsen Total Audience Report — media and screen exposure.
969. NIMH — anxiety disorder prevalence statistics (drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication; Kessler, R. C., et al.).
970. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231–259.
971. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. — research on rumination as a repetitive, passive response to distress and its link to prolonged low mood.
972. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569–582.
973. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511.
974. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424.
975. Norem, J. K. — research on defensive pessimism and strategy-person fit.
976. Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1208–1217.
977. Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2014). Rituals Alleviate Grieving for Loved Ones, Lovers, and Lotteries. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 266–272.
978. Note: 'Blue Zones' claims about long-lived communities are popularized and partly contested.
979. Note: claims that morning phone use causes a distinct 'cortisol spike' are widely overstated relative to the normal cortisol awakening response.
980. Note: This page is educational context only and is not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician before starting a new exercise routine, especially with existing health conditions.
981. Note: This page is educational context only and is not medical advice. Persistent or concerning sleep problems warrant evaluation by a qualified clinician.
982. Note: This page is educational context only and is not medical advice. See a qualified clinician for persistent, unexplained, or worsening fatigue.
983. Note: This page is for general education only and is not medical advice; consult a qualified clinician about caffeine use, sleep, or persistent tiredness.
984. Note: This page is for general education only and is not medical advice; consult a qualified clinician for any concern about your weight or health.
985. Note: This page is for general education only and is not medical advice; consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis or treatment.
986. Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2014). Bodily maps of emotions. PNAS, 111(2), 646–651.
987. O'Keefe, P. A., Dweck, C. S., & Walton, G. M. (2018). Implicit Theories of Interest: Finding Your Passion or Developing It? Psychological Science, 29(10), 1653–1664.
988. Observational research on dietary patterns and mood (e.g. Mediterranean-style diets and depression risk) — note: associational, cannot establish causation.
989. Odgers, C. L. — critical reviews arguing the evidence linking digital technology to adolescent mental health is largely correlational and the causal case unproven.
990. OECD — Average annual hours actually worked per worker.
991. OECD — data on early childhood education and care enrollment across high-income countries.
992. OECD — task-based estimates of the automatability of jobs (Arntz, Gregory & Zierahn and related OECD work).
993. OECD — Trust and its determinants / How's Life? wellbeing indicators.
994. OECD and national census/statistical agencies — data on age of leaving home, financial independence, marriage, and first birth.
995. OECD income inequality and social indicators data (cross-country comparisons).
996. OECD, Average annual hours actually worked (2023).
997. OECD, How's Life? and Better Life Index — subjective wellbeing by region and place type.
998. Oettingen, G. (2014). Rethinking Positive Thinking: Inside the New Science of Motivation. Current.
999. Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1198–1212.
1000. Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness — evolved fear-relevant stimuli.
1001. Oishi, S., & Westgate, E. C. — research on the psychologically rich life.
1002. Oishi, S., Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2007). The Optimum Level of Well-Being: Can People Be Too Happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 346–360.
1003. Oishi, S., et al. / research on felt understanding and misunderstanding and their links to wellbeing.
1004. Oldenburg, R. (1989). The Great Good Place — on 'third places' and informal public life.
1005. Oldenburg, R. (1989). The Great Good Place — the concept of 'third places'.
1006. Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. PNAS, 106(37), 15583–15587.
1007. Opportunity Insights — neighbourhood effects on upward mobility and the gains from moving to higher-opportunity areas in childhood.
1008. Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. — analyses finding small average associations between digital-technology use and adolescent wellbeing.
1009. Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3, 173–182.
1010. Oreopoulos, P., von Wachter, T., & Heisz, A. — The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession (American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2012).
1011. Oreopoulos, P., von Wachter, T., & Heisz, A. (2012). The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(1), 1–29.
1012. Origin of the '10,000 steps' target — 1960s Japanese pedometer marketing campaign.
1013. Our World in Data — global income and poverty distributions.
1014. Palliative and end-of-life care research on patients' stated concerns (pain, control, dignity, family).
1015. Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259.
1016. Pareto principle / the '80-20' idea (treated here as a heuristic, not a law).
1017. Park, Y., & MacDonald, G. (2019). Consistency between individuals' past and current romantic partners' own reports of their personalities. PNAS, 116(26), 12793–12797.
1018. Parkinson, C. N. (1955/1958). Parkinson's Law — 'work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.'
1019. Parry, D. A., et al. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of discrepancies between logged and self-reported digital media use. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 1535–1547.
1020. Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105–119.
1021. Pencavel, J. (2015). The Productivity of Working Hours. The Economic Journal, 125(589), 2052–2076.
1022. Pennebaker, J. W. — research on expressive writing and emotional disclosure.
1023. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162–166.
1024. Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39–50.
1025. Pennycook, G., et al. (2021). Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature, 592, 590–595.
1026. Person-environment fit research on interest-environment congruence, satisfaction, and persistence.
1027. Personal-finance interest-rate comparisons (credit card APRs vs savings and investment returns).
1028. Persuasive-design / attention-economy critique of infinite scroll and algorithmic feeds.
1029. Persuasive-design and variable-reward research on habit-forming technology.
1030. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
1031. Pew Research Center — analyses of parental time with children and the rise of intensive parenting.
1032. Pew Research Center — analyses of religious engagement and wellbeing.
1033. Pew Research Center — analyses of the rising share of unpartnered U.S. adults.
1034. Pew Research Center — analyses of young adults living with parents and the timing of life milestones.
1035. Pew Research Center — global income tiers (poor, low-income, middle-income, upper-middle, high-income).
1036. Pew Research Center — middle-class income definition (two-thirds to double the median, size-adjusted) and share of adults by tier.
1037. Pew Research Center — Religious Landscape Study and related global religion reports.
1038. Pew Research Center — research on the sandwich generation (middle-aged adults supporting both an aging parent and a grown child).
1039. Pew Research Center — surveys on family financial support (giving and receiving help among adults).
1040. Pew Research Center — surveys on the religiously unaffiliated ('nones'), affiliation, and attendance in the U.S. and internationally.
1041. Pew Research Center (2021). What Makes Life Meaningful — 17-country survey.
1042. Pew Research Center (2021). What Makes Life Meaningful — open-ended survey across 17 advanced economies.
1043. Pew Research Center (2022). Majority of workers who quit a job in 2021 cite low pay, no opportunities for advancement, feeling disrespected.
1044. Pew Research Center / Pew Charitable Trusts — research on household financial security and the role of liquid savings.
1045. Pew Research Center and Federal Reserve — generational economic comparisons.
1046. Pew Research Center and national statistical agencies — data on the rising share of one-child families.
1047. Pharmacology of caffeine as an adenosine receptor antagonist (mechanism of action on alertness and fatigue).
1048. Philpot, R., et al. (2020). Would I be helped? Cross-national CCTV footage shows that intervention is the norm in public conflicts. American Psychologist.
1049. Piff, P. K., and colleagues — research on social class and prosocial/ethical behaviour (flagged as contested; subject to replication challenges and mixed follow-up findings).
1050. Piff, P. K., et al. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. PNAS — note: several findings in this area have faced replication challenges and should be read as suggestive, not settled.
1051. Pillemer, K. — research on family estrangement (its prevalence and frequent concealment).
1052. Pillemer, K. (2011). 30 Lessons for Living — Cornell Legacy Project, advice gathered from over a thousand older Americans.
1053. Pillemer, K. (2011). Mothers' differentiation among adult children — studies of perceived favoritism and its correlates.
1054. Pillemer, K. (2020). Fault Lines: Fractured Families and How to Mend Them — research on estrangement and reconciliation.
1055. Pillemer, K. (2020). Fault Lines: Fractured Families and How to Mend Them. — survey estimating ~27% of U.S. adults estranged from a family member.
1056. Pillemer, K., and colleagues — research on family estrangement and rifts (e.g. 'Fault Lines: Fractured Families and How to Mend Them').
1057. Pillemer, K., et al. — survey research on the prevalence and patterns of family estrangement.
1058. Pink, D. H. (2018). When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing — synthesis of research on time-of-day, beginnings, midpoints and endings.
1059. Pink, D. H. (2018). When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing — synthesis of time-of-day research on performance and mood.
1060. Pink, D. H. (2022). The Power of Regret: How Looking Backward Moves Us Forward — including the American Regret Project survey.
1061. Pink, D. H. (2022). The Power of Regret: How Looking Backward Moves Us Forward. (Based on the American Regret Project survey; four regret types: foundation, boldness, moral, connection.)
1062. Pink, D. H. (2022). The Power of Regret: How Looking Backward Moves Us Forward. Riverhead Books (includes the American Regret Project survey).
1063. Pink, D. H. (2022). The Power of Regret: How Looking Backward Moves Us Forward. Riverhead Books.
1064. Plomin, R. — behavioural genetics, twin and adoption studies of personality (e.g. Blueprint).
1065. Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences — on non-shared environment and differential experience.
1066. Plomin, R., and colleagues — behavioural-genetics research on shared vs. non-shared environment and personality.
1067. Pluchino, A., Biondo, A. E., & Rapisarda, A. (2018). Talent vs Luck: The role of randomness in success and failure. Advances in Complex Systems, 21(3–4).
1068. Pluralistic ignorance — social psychology research on systematically misjudging others' private states.
1069. Polit, D. F., & Falbo, T. (1987). Only children and personality development: A quantitative review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(2), 309–325.
1070. Pontzer, H., et al. (2021). Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science, 373(6556), 808–812.
1071. Popular and clinical accounts of 'hurry sickness' and its association with stress.
1072. Popular lifetime-waiting estimates (widely circulated; flagged here as approximate and unverified).
1073. Positive psychology research on savouring and noticing everyday positive experiences.
1074. Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, Happiness, and Health: It's Good to Be Good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 66–77.
1075. Pratchett, T. — the 'boots theory' of socioeconomic unfairness (popular framing of the poverty premium).
1076. Prelec, D., & Simester, D. (2001). Always Leave Home Without It: A Further Investigation of the Credit-Card Effect on Willingness to Pay. Marketing Letters, 12(1), 5–12.
1077. Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1993). Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(2), 243–256.
1078. Pressman, S. D., et al. (2009). Association of enjoyable leisure activities with psychological and physical well-being. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(7), 725–732.
1079. Price, P. C., & Stone, E. R. — research on the confidence heuristic in advice-taking and judgement.
1080. Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381.
1081. Proportional theory of time perception, associated with William James (each year as a diminishing fraction of life lived).
1082. Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2013). Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 237–246.
1083. Public-health research on the income–health gradient and its mechanisms (access to care, chronic stress, environment, sense of control, behaviours).
1084. Published official odds for major national lottery games (top-jackpot probabilities).
1085. Puhl, R. M., and colleagues — research on weight stigma, discrimination, and health.
1086. Putnam, R. D. — 'Bowling Alone' and related work on declining social capital and community in the United States.
1087. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.
1088. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
1089. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. — Terror Management Theory (mortality salience research).
1090. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. — Terror Management Theory.
1091. Quoidbach, Gilbert, & Wilson — the 'end of history illusion' in self-perceived change.
1092. Quoidbach, J., and colleagues — research on savoring and capitalising on positive experiences.
1093. Quoidbach, J., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2013). The End of History Illusion. Science, 339(6115), 96–98.
1094. Raj Chetty and the Opportunity Insights team — research on intergenerational income mobility and the strong link between parents' and children's incomes.
1095. Rajkumar, K., Saint-Jacques, G., Bojinov, I., Brynjolfsson, E., & Aral, S. (2022). A causal test of the strength of weak ties. Science, 377(6612), 1304–1310.
1096. Ranehill, E., et al. — replication study that failed to reproduce the hormonal and behavioural effects of power posing.
1097. Regional cost-of-living and housing cost variation data.
1098. Regret research on the action versus inaction asymmetry over time.
1099. Reinecke, L., et al. — research on media use, guilt, and recovery experiences.
1100. Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. — intimacy and perceived partner responsiveness as core processes in close relationships.
1101. Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988); Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., & Holmes, J. G. (2004). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness.
1102. Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process — intimacy as disclosure plus perceived partner responsiveness.
1103. Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Handbook of Personal Relationships.
1104. Reis, H. T., et al. — research programs on perceived partner responsiveness and relationship wellbeing.
1105. Related work on nostalgia, loneliness, and coping (experimental studies inducing nostalgia under low mood and stress).
1106. Relationship-science literature on romantic jealousy as a response to perceived threat from a rival to a valued bond.
1107. Replication literature on choice overload and on ego depletion / decision fatigue (mixed and contested findings).
1108. Reports of adverse or distressing effects of meditation in a minority of practitioners.
1109. Reports on end-of-life and near-death priority shifts (self-report literature).
1110. Research and clinical literature noting that post-traumatic growth is not universal or required, cannot be forced, and that pressuring people toward 'silver linings' can be harmful.
1111. Research and financial literature on over-saving and under-consumption (the cost of excessive thrift).
1112. Research and government data on contingent and alternative ('gig') work arrangements.
1113. Research and philanthropy analyses on charitable giving as a share of income across income levels (lower-income households tend to give a larger proportion; the wealthy give more in absolute dollars).
1114. Research and policy analysis on pay and salary transparency and its association with pay gaps.
1115. Research and price data on long-run cost growth in housing, healthcare, childcare, and higher education relative to overall inflation.
1116. Research and reporting on subscription creep and recurring account fees.
1117. Research and reviews on cold-water immersion and its effects on mood, alertness, and perceived muscle soreness.
1118. Research and surveys on perceived invisibility in midlife, especially among women.
1119. Research distinguishing 'calling' as discovered versus cultivated/developed over time.
1120. Research distinguishing meaning/purpose (eudaimonic wellbeing) from moment-to-moment happiness in the context of parenting.
1121. Research distinguishing normal age-related memory change from mild cognitive impairment and dementia (crystallized vs. fluid abilities).
1122. Research indicating caffeinated beverages at typical intakes are mildly diuretic but net-hydrating.
1123. Research linking dog ownership to physical activity and social contact.
1124. Research linking flow to engagement and subjective wellbeing.
1125. Research linking hindsight bias to counterfactual ('if only') thinking and regret.
1126. Research linking routine, predictability, and secure attachment with lower stress and steadier wellbeing.
1127. Research linking sleep quality the prior night to next-day mood and energy.
1128. Research literature on family closeness as a spectrum, including distant, strained, and low-contact relationships.
1129. Research literature on prolonged/complicated grief as a distinct, treatable condition.
1130. Research literature on self-report reliability for partner counts (recall and social-desirability effects).
1131. Research literature on sibling de-identification and differentiation in developmental psychology.
1132. Research literature on the 'cohabitation effect,' selection, and the deciding-versus-sliding distinction (debated and cohort-dependent).
1133. Research literature on the intergenerational transmission of parenting behaviours and attachment patterns.
1134. Research literature on the small birth-order advantage in measured intelligence and educational attainment.
1135. Research on 'buying time' and time-saving services in relation to wellbeing.
1136. Research on 'considering the opposite' as a debiasing technique (Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984).
1137. Research on 'just-in-time' financial education delivered at the moment of a financial decision.
1138. Research on 'saving for a special occasion' and the squandering of pleasurable experiences and possessions.
1139. Research on active vs. passive social media use and wellbeing (passive use linked to lower wellbeing; active, interactive use more neutral or positive).
1140. Research on adult neuroplasticity and lifelong learning.
1141. Research on advisory fees and net returns — the compounding effect of annual fees and commission-based products over time.
1142. Research on affect dynamics, emotional inertia, and mood spillover over time.
1143. Research on affectionate touch, stress, cortisol, and blood pressure responses (small experimental studies, e.g. partner hugs and hand-holding).
1144. Research on affective disposition, negative affectivity, and the Big Five personality traits in relation to job satisfaction.
1145. Research on affective forecasting and social prediction (tendency to overestimate others' negative reactions to a decline).
1146. Research on age and emotional wellbeing (emotional stability and reduced negative affect in older adults).
1147. Research on age-related decline in aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and the role of regular exercise in slowing it.
1148. Research on ageism and age-appropriate behaviour.
1149. Research on ageism, aging anxiety, and age beliefs (including affective forecasting and adaptation).
1150. Research on aging, physical appearance, and social attention (including reported relief from appearance-based judgment).
1151. Research on anticipation and happiness — anticipating experiences as a source of positive feeling (e.g., work by Van Boven, Gilovich, and colleagues on experiential consumption).
1152. Research on anticipation and the enjoyment derived from looking forward to experiences.
1153. Research on anticipation, memory, and the social/identity dimensions of experiential purchases.
1154. Research on anticipatory anxiety and worst-case rehearsal.
1155. Research on anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous information (interpretation bias).
1156. Research on apology, forgiveness, and trust repair (the role of sincerity, timing, and subsequent behaviour in whether apologies restore relationships).
1157. Research on arousal levels of positive affect and cross-cultural differences in valued emotional states.
1158. Research on assortative mating and its effect on heritability estimates for longevity (suggesting lower true heritability).
1159. Research on attachment and jealousy — attachment anxiety, insecurity, and the experience of romantic jealousy.
1160. Research on attachment stability and change over the lifespan, including 'earned security.'
1161. Research on attention and time perception (attentional models of prospective duration judgement).
1162. Research on autobiographical memory of embarrassing and self-conscious emotional events.
1163. Research on automation dependence and skill decay (e.g., aviation human-factors literature).
1164. Research on availability and social projection (why our own perspective anchors our estimates of others).
1165. Research on awe and wellbeing — including practices such as awe walks and savouring.
1166. Research on base rates in winner-take-all fields.
1167. Research on bedtime procrastination and pre-sleep arousal from engaging content.
1168. Research on blended online and offline social networks (overlap and reinforcement between online and offline ties; in-person contact and emotional closeness).
1169. Research on bright daytime / natural light exposure and its association with mood and circadian stability.
1170. Research on budgeting adherence and the abandonment of effort-heavy financial plans.
1171. Research on caffeine tolerance and the caffeine withdrawal syndrome (e.g., headaches, fatigue, reduced concentration).
1172. Research on caregiver and family-supporter financial strain — links between ongoing support, budget strain, and retirement saving.
1173. Research on charm pricing and psychological pricing (prices ending in 9 and perceived value / sales effects).
1174. Research on choice overload and its effect on deferral and choosing nothing.
1175. Research on chronic stress and inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and wound healing.
1176. Research on chronotype (morning versus evening types) and optimal performance windows.
1177. Research on chronotype and individual differences in circadian timing (morning vs evening types).
1178. Research on chronotypes (morning vs evening types) and peak-performance windows.
1179. Research on circadian and ultradian rhythms and their effect on alertness and mood.
1180. Research on cognitive load and the limits of working memory (e.g., cognitive load theory).
1181. Research on compatibility, shared values, and relationship outcomes.
1182. Research on confidence versus accuracy — the loose calibration between how sure people feel and how correct they are.
1183. Research on contingent self-worth and external validation in wellbeing psychology.
1184. Research on counterfactual thinking and decision regret (general literature).
1185. Research on curiosity, learning, and attention — interest as a driver of deeper learning and memory.
1186. Research on daily hassles and uplifts as predictors of wellbeing (Kanner, Lazarus, and colleagues).
1187. Research on daily routines, regularity, and subjective wellbeing.
1188. Research on debt types (secured vs. high-interest consumer debt) and financial outcomes.
1189. Research on decision fatigue and ego depletion (real as a tendency; effect sizes and some specific findings are contested and have faced replication difficulties).
1190. Research on decision fatigue and the depletion of self-control across the day.
1191. Research on decision fatigue, self-regulation, and the automation of routine choices.
1192. Research on declining absolute mobility (Chetty et al.) — the falling share of children who grow up to earn more than their parents.
1193. Research on declining requests and the overestimated social cost of saying no (compliance and request literature).
1194. Research on degree completion, student debt, and the costs of non-completion.
1195. Research on delayed gratification and its trade-offs (uncertainty, impatience, and the risk of never reaching the deferred reward).
1196. Research on depression and social withdrawal (general literature).
1197. Research on depressive realism (originating with Alloy & Abramson, 1979) and subsequent replication debate.
1198. Research on dual-career-ladder and individual-contributor career structures.
1199. Research on effective feedback and its inconsistent effects on performance.
1200. Research on egocentric projection and perspective-taking in close relationships (perspective-getting vs. perspective-taking).
1201. Research on embodiment and on how posture influences observers' perceptions of confidence and competence.
1202. Research on emergency savings and financial stress / household financial resilience.
1203. Research on emotion regulation and reappraisal as a means of interrupting mood spillover.
1204. Research on emotional blunting as a side effect of SSRIs / antidepressants (e.g. work summarised in reviews of antidepressant-associated emotional blunting).
1205. Research on emotional complexity and its associations with resilience and wellbeing.
1206. Research on encore and later-life purpose (new vocations, volunteering, and community roles after a first career).
1207. Research on entrepreneurship, stress, and wellbeing (autonomy benefits alongside income volatility and isolation).
1208. Research on envy in close relationships (benign vs malicious envy and its effects on friendship).
1209. Research on errorful generation and feedback in memory (e.g., Kornell, Hays, & Bjork, 2009, Journal of Experimental Psychology).
1210. Research on eudaimonic versus hedonic wellbeing (growth and purpose versus pleasure and comfort).
1211. Research on evening light exposure, melatonin suppression, and circadian phase delay.
1212. Research on evening light exposure, melatonin suppression, and circadian timing (peer-reviewed sleep literature).
1213. Research on exercise adherence, enjoyment, identity and implementation intentions.
1214. Research on extraversion and positive affect (Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.; and Lucas, R. E., on personality traits and subjective wellbeing).
1215. Research on face-time and visibility bias in performance evaluation (presence shaping impressions independent of output).
1216. Research on familiarity, liking, and perceived attractiveness over time.
1217. Research on financial attitudes and behaviours formed in childhood and early family experience.
1218. Research on financial stress and psychological distress (general literature on debt, income strain, and mental health).
1219. Research on fragmented versus continuous leisure and its restorative value.
1220. Research on geographic differences in wages and living costs.
1221. Research on goal flexibility and goal disengagement and their association with wellbeing.
1222. Research on goal-setting and follow-through (flexible versus rigid planning and behaviour change).
1223. Research on GPS-assisted versus self-directed navigation and route/environment memory.
1224. Research on graduate-degree return on investment and the variance of returns across fields of study.
1225. Research on gut-derived serotonin and the blood-brain barrier (peripheral serotonin largely does not enter the brain).
1226. Research on habits and the role of immediate versus delayed rewards in behaviour.
1227. Research on hedonic adaptation — the fading of pleasure from new purchases (the 'hedonic treadmill').
1228. Research on hedonic adaptation (the fading emotional impact of purchases and life changes).
1229. Research on hedonic adaptation and goal-striving and wellbeing.
1230. Research on hedonic adaptation and reference-dependent consumption (spending anchored to recent standard of living and social comparison).
1231. Research on hedonic adaptation and return (full or partial) to wellbeing baselines after life events.
1232. Research on hedonic adaptation and the 'arrival fallacy' — the tendency for goal attainment to deliver less lasting satisfaction than anticipated.
1233. Research on hedonic adaptation and the adaptation of desire over time.
1234. Research on hedonic adaptation and the distinction between life evaluation and day-to-day emotional wellbeing.
1235. Research on hedonic adaptation and the hedonic treadmill (Brickman & Campbell; Frederick & Loewenstein).
1236. Research on hedonic adaptation to changes in life circumstances (subjective wellbeing literature).
1237. Research on hedonic versus eudaimonic wellbeing (pleasure versus meaning, growth and purpose).
1238. Research on homophily — similarity in values and background in partner selection.
1239. Research on homophily (the tendency to form ties with similar others). The 'average of five people' maxim is unsourced folk wisdom, commonly attributed to Jim Rohn.
1240. Research on homophily and assortative pairing in social networks and relationships.
1241. Research on humility and leadership — humble leader behaviours, trust, and how they are valued over time.
1242. Research on humour styles and humour as a coping mechanism (affiliative and coping humour vs. self-defeating humour).
1243. Research on identity and work (the link between what people do and who they understand themselves to be).
1244. Research on identity continuity and the subjective sense of self over time.
1245. Research on identity threat and loss of self following job loss/unemployment, including the wellbeing impact beyond lost income.
1246. Research on identity-based and symbolic consumption and self-signaling in consumer behaviour.
1247. Research on identity-protective cognition (e.g., Kahan and colleagues) — defensive processing of belief-relevant evidence.
1248. Research on identity, self-concept, and wellbeing.
1249. Research on impulse buying and choice architecture — how one-click checkout, targeted ads, and scarcity cues prompt unplanned purchases.
1250. Research on incidental disgust and moral judgement (effects documented but contested in replication).
1251. Research on incubation in problem-solving (stepping away from a problem can improve later performance, consistent with continued background processing and reduced fixation).
1252. Research on individual differences in needs for solitude and connection, including introversion and attachment-style differences.
1253. Research on industry wage differentials and job stability across sectors.
1254. Research on inoculation / 'prebunking' against misinformation (e.g., van der Linden and colleagues).
1255. Research on intentional behaviour change and implementation intentions (if-then planning).
1256. Research on interest and motivation in learning and engagement (overview).
1257. Research on interest and passion development (growth versus fixed beliefs about interests).
1258. Research on intergenerational transfers — the scale and cultural variation of money flows between generations.
1259. Research on intergenerational transmission of values, habits, and political/religious leanings.
1260. Research on interruptions, task-switching, and focused work (e.g., studies on the cost of resuming work after interruptions).
1261. Research on intolerance of uncertainty and worry (e.g., Dugas, Freeston, and colleagues).
1262. Research on intrinsic vs. extrinsic goals and wellbeing (self-determination theory; goal-content findings on contentment and life satisfaction).
1263. Research on job autonomy, control over time, and workload in relation to stress and performance.
1264. Research on job insecurity and its links to wellbeing and engagement.
1265. Research on job mobility constraints and benefits-linked 'job lock' (employer-provided health insurance and job mobility).
1266. Research on labels and identity — diagnoses, types, and roles as sources of relief and community and as potentially limiting, self-fulfilling scripts.
1267. Research on labour-market signalling and title inflation.
1268. Research on layoffs as a routine management practice and on labour-market churn and worker displacement.
1269. Research on life events, role transitions (e.g., parenthood, loss, career change), and value change.
1270. Research on lifestyle behaviour change and adherence after major cardiac events (long-term maintenance of diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and medication adherence).
1271. Research on likability, warmth, and career advancement in organizational settings.
1272. Research on living arrangements and loneliness across age groups and countries (prevalence and correlation).
1273. Research on locus of control and wellbeing (sense of agency, anxiety, and coping).
1274. Research on loss aversion and prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky).
1275. Research on managerial and supervisory stress — higher responsibility, conflict-handling, and workload associated with management roles.
1276. Research on marital quality and wellbeing (marriage satisfaction predicting wellbeing more strongly than marital status).
1277. Research on marital status and wellbeing, including selection effects in the relationship between marriage and happiness.
1278. Research on marriage, selection effects, and subjective wellbeing (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional comparisons).
1279. Research on meaningful work — the roles of autonomy, visible impact, and contribution in whether work feels meaningful.
1280. Research on metacognition and calibration of confidence in learning (overview of self-assessment accuracy and study decisions).
1281. Research on midlife time-pressure and behaviour around milestone birthdays.
1282. Research on mindfulness and wellbeing (mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy trials).
1283. Research on morning routines and intention-setting (general wellbeing literature).
1284. Research on mortality awareness and how perceived finiteness of time focuses priorities.
1285. Research on mortality awareness and the prioritization of meaningful goals (reflection on the finiteness of time shifting priorities toward relationships, experiences, and contribution).
1286. Research on motivated reasoning (asymmetric scrutiny of liked versus disliked evidence).
1287. Research on motivation and interest in learning outcomes (overview).
1288. Research on multitasking and task-switching costs.
1289. Research on music as a cue for autobiographical memory.
1290. Research on music listening habits and the crystallisation of musical taste in early adulthood.
1291. Research on negativity bias — the tendency for negative events and emotions to register more strongly and persist longer than positive ones.
1292. Research on negativity bias, nostalgia, and autobiographical memory (e.g., work by Sedikides and colleagues on nostalgia).
1293. Research on neuroplasticity and continued learning in adulthood.
1294. Research on New Year's resolution success and abandonment rates over time.
1295. Research on novelty, memory, and retrospective duration judgements.
1296. Research on objectification and cultural beauty ideals.
1297. Research on omission bias and anticipated regret in decision making.
1298. Research on online relationships and social support (emotional, informational, and practical support through online ties; benefits for isolated and dispersed groups).
1299. Research on open-plan offices, noise, and distraction (workplace environment and concentration studies).
1300. Research on optimism about the future self and forecasting of personal time.
1301. Research on optimism bias as a partly adaptive, partly hardwired tendency.
1302. Research on optimism interventions and explanatory style (e.g., 'best possible self' and related exercises); effects are generally modest.
1303. Research on option value, fear of missing out, and the costs of keeping choices open.
1304. Research on overly negative self-perception in social interaction (general literature on social anxiety and self-assessment biases).
1305. Research on overwork and performance — diminishing and negative returns to long working hours.
1306. Research on parental wellbeing, family stability, and child development outcomes.
1307. Research on passive social media use and envy.
1308. Research on passive versus active leisure and subjective wellbeing.
1309. Research on pay fairness, satisfaction, and turnover.
1310. Research on pay secrecy, information asymmetry, and negotiation in labor markets.
1311. Research on perceived time pressure versus measured time use (busyness as a feeling distinct from available hours).
1312. Research on perceived versus actual friendship reciprocity.
1313. Research on performance appraisal bias (recency, leniency, central tendency, halo effects).
1314. Research on person-job fit and its relationship to job performance and satisfaction.
1315. Research on personal progress, self-comparison, and motivation (general literature).
1316. Research on physical activity, social connection, and sense of purpose in healthy aging and longevity.
1317. Research on politeness, familiarity, and 'saving our best behaviour for strangers.'
1318. Research on positive emotions and mixed emotions during grief, stress, and adversity.
1319. Research on positive self-statements / affirmations showing small effects that can backfire for people with low self-esteem.
1320. Research on post-breakup adjustment and the role of attachment style and how a relationship ended in continued contact.
1321. Research on post-decision rationalisation and choice (the tendency to embrace and justify a choice once it is final).
1322. Research on post-event processing / rumination and its association with social anxiety.
1323. Research on precommitment and self-control devices in behavioral economics.
1324. Research on present bias (overweighting the immediate over the future).
1325. Research on present bias / hyperbolic discounting in behavioural economics (overweighting of immediate rewards and costs).
1326. Research on present bias and delayed rewards in health behavior.
1327. Research on prior knowledge as a predictor of new learning (learning-science overview).
1328. Research on privacy, secrecy, and concealment in close relationships (general literature).
1329. Research on probability neglect and the weighting of small probabilities (decision-making under risk; Sunstein and related work).
1330. Research on promotions, adaptation, and wellbeing.
1331. Research on proximity bias in promotion and advancement decisions (the effect of visibility and face time on who is promoted).
1332. Research on psychological contract breach and its effects on trust, commitment, and wellbeing.
1333. Research on reciprocity, social norms, and the 'identifiable victim' effect in prosocial behaviour.
1334. Research on reciprocity, trust, and self-disclosure in the formation and quality of friendships.
1335. Research on recovery sleep and the incomplete reversal of deficits after chronic sleep restriction.
1336. Research on recovery, detachment from work, and burnout.
1337. Research on reference prices and how comparison context shapes perceived value.
1338. Research on relative standing and self-concept (the dependence of self-evaluation on local comparison groups).
1339. Research on religious community, social support and meaning as mechanisms linking religiosity to happiness, including cross-national variation.
1340. Research on remote and hybrid work and boundary blurring.
1341. Research on rest, downtime and guilt — rest as culturally coded as laziness.
1342. Research on restorative and 'vigilance' breaks and sustained attention.
1343. Research on retirement adjustment and the role of non-work identity and meaning in adapting to leaving the workforce.
1344. Research on retirement and wellbeing (mixed but on average positive; wide individual variation).
1345. Research on retrieval practice and spaced repetition as effective learning strategies (e.g., Roediger & Karpicke, 2006).
1346. Research on routine versus novelty and the formation of distinct memories that shape remembered duration.
1347. Research on rumination and chronic resentment and their links to stress and wellbeing.
1348. Research on salary anchoring and path dependence in early careers — the role of starting pay, early skills, and networks in shaping later trajectories.
1349. Research on sarcopenia and age-related loss of muscle mass and strength (commonly cited at roughly 3–8% per decade after age 30).
1350. Research on savings rate as a driver of wealth accumulation (relationship between savings rate, time, and accumulated wealth).
1351. Research on screen use, bedtime, and sleep quality in children and adolescents.
1352. Research on sedentary behaviour and breaking up sitting time (effects on metabolic markers such as blood-glucose regulation) — note: developing evidence, modest effect sizes.
1353. Research on self-blame for uncontrollable outcomes and the misattribution of chance events.
1354. Research on self-blame, perceived control, and self-criticism.
1355. Research on self-continuity and identity change across the lifespan.
1356. Research on self-criticism, rumination, and wellbeing (general literature linking harsh self-criticism to anxiety and depression).
1357. Research on self-other agreement and accuracy in personality judgment.
1358. Research on sensitive periods in language and accent acquisition (overview).
1359. Research on serendipity and timing in career outcomes.
1360. Research on shame and the urge to conceal / withdraw (general literature).
1361. Research on shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) and nature exposure in relation to stress reduction.
1362. Research on shopping, mood, and perceived control (including window shopping and imagined purchases).
1363. Research on skills-based hiring trends and the loosening of degree requirements.
1364. Research on sleep deprivation and impaired memory encoding (overview).
1365. Research on sleep, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation (sleep supports processing relevant to next-day judgment).
1366. Research on slow / paced breathing (~5–6 breaths per minute), heart-rate variability, and parasympathetic (vagal) activity.
1367. Research on social comparison and approval in digital environments.
1368. Research on social comparison and curated media — viewers overestimate how well others are doing (social comparison literature).
1369. Research on social connection and wellbeing — connection as one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of happiness.
1370. Research on social media and friendship maintenance / weak ties.
1371. Research on social media use and romantic relationships, linking online relationship comparison with lower relationship satisfaction and increased jealousy.
1372. Research on social media use and social comparison and their association with wellbeing.
1373. Research on social media, idealized and edited images, and body dissatisfaction.
1374. Research on social networks and the natural variation of friendship ties over time.
1375. Research on social networks, social connection and health outcomes.
1376. Research on social rank and relative standing in wellbeing (relative-standing literature).
1377. Research on social-evaluative threat and the salience of social rejection in memory and stress.
1378. Research on sociotropy and people-pleasing (sensitivity to others' approval, conflict, and rejection).
1379. Research on soulmate/destiny beliefs and relationship outcomes, including commitment and response to conflict.
1380. Research on specialization versus breadth and career outcomes, including skill obsolescence and the economics of narrow versus transferable skills.
1381. Research on spending misperception and the systematic underestimation of one's own routine expenses.
1382. Research on stereotyping as cognitive efficiency and the 'cognitive miser' model of social judgment.
1383. Research on stress reactivity, control, and coping as moderators of health outcomes.
1384. Research on stress-buffering and other mechanisms linking social relationships to physical health.
1385. Research on structure versus spontaneity in daily activities and wellbeing.
1386. Research on subjective age (felt age vs. chronological age) and its association with wellbeing — multiple studies across countries.
1387. Research on subjective age by Yannick Stephan and colleagues (associations between felt age and health, cognition, and mortality).
1388. Research on sunk-cost effects applied to relationships.
1389. Research on survivor guilt and feeling undeserving of happiness relative to others' suffering or loss.
1390. Research on task-switching costs and cognitive overload.
1391. Research on the 'hostile media' effect and partisan perception of shared events.
1392. Research on the 'poverty premium' — higher fees and costlier credit faced by low-income households.
1393. Research on the 'poverty premium' — the tendency for lower-income households to pay more for equivalent goods and services.
1394. Research on the 'value of hope' and anticipation as a motive for lottery play.
1395. Research on the belonging–distinctiveness balance and social identity.
1396. Research on the bidirectional relationship between wellbeing and prosocial behavior (happiness and helping reinforcing each other).
1397. Research on the Big Five (Five-Factor Model) — the better-validated framework for personality, with stronger reliability and predictive support.
1398. Research on the body-weight 'set point'/settling range and metabolic adaptation following weight loss.
1399. Research on the built environment (walkability, green space, food access) and health.
1400. Research on the changing employment relationship and the decline of lifelong, single-employer careers.
1401. Research on the circadian post-lunch dip and the early-afternoon trough in alertness, including findings that the dip appears independent of meal intake.
1402. Research on the components of meaning in life — coherence, purpose, and significance/mattering — and their associations with wellbeing and resilience.
1403. Research on the confidence-accuracy mismatch in memory (vividness and certainty as weak predictors of accuracy).
1404. Research on the costs and benefits of mind-wandering (links to lower in-the-moment wellbeing alongside benefits for planning and creativity).
1405. Research on the crystallisation of musical taste in adolescence and early adulthood.
1406. Research on the default mode network and mind-wandering (e.g., Raichle and colleagues) on memory consolidation, planning, and creativity during undirected rest.
1407. Research on the differential spending of windfall versus earned money.
1408. Research on the distinction between individual performance and managerial skill / job fit.
1409. Research on the false uniqueness of personal struggles and the inside-vs-outside comparison bias (social-perception literature).
1410. Research on the fear of being a burden and masking of struggles (general literature).
1411. Research on the gender gap in unpaid domestic labour and household time use.
1412. Research on the hedonic treadmill and adaptation to rising circumstances.
1413. Research on the hostile attribution bias (interpreting ambiguous social cues as hostile).
1414. Research on the illusory truth effect (repetition and perceived accuracy), from Hasher and colleagues onward.
1415. Research on the latent (non-financial) functions of work — identity, time structure, social contact, collective purpose and status — drawn from studies of unemployment and retirement wellbeing.
1416. Research on the limited transfer of cognitive / 'brain-training' interventions to real-world skills.
1417. Research on the limits of grit and persistence as predictors of major outcomes.
1418. Research on the loosening of age norms and the wider spread of life-event timing over recent decades.
1419. Research on the monetisation of hobbies and how turning leisure into work can erode enjoyment and benefit.
1420. Research on the negativity bias (the tendency for negative information to capture and hold attention more than positive).
1421. Research on the neurochemistry of love (dopamine in attraction; oxytocin and vasopressin in attachment).
1422. Research on the post-lunch dip in alertness and energy.
1423. Research on the power law of practice and performance plateaus (e.g., Newell & Rosenbloom, 1981).
1424. Research on the prediction of future spending and the tendency to underestimate it.
1425. Research on the prevalence and motives of secrecy, indicating that most people keep many secrets at once and that common motives include protecting others, avoiding judgment or rejection, shame, and preserving autonomy.
1426. Research on the relationship between competence, action, and confidence (self-efficacy literature).
1427. Research on the relationship between time and contact invested in a tie and the strength of that relationship (Dunbar and colleagues).
1428. Research on the self-serving attribution bias (crediting skill for successes and circumstance for failures) in social psychology.
1429. Research on the self-serving bias (attributing successes internally and failures externally).
1430. Research on the shifting and more variable timing of traditional adulthood milestones (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau data on family formation).
1431. Research on the therapeutic alliance and common factors (e.g., work associated with Bruce Wampold) linking the working relationship to psychotherapy outcomes.
1432. Research on the updating and revision of first impressions with new, consistent evidence (impression-formation literature).
1433. Research on thought suppression and the rebound of suppressed thoughts.
1434. Research on time estimation, time optimism, and chronic lateness.
1435. Research on time perception, attention, and prospective duration estimation (attending to time lengthens perceived duration).
1436. Research on time stress, time scarcity, and wellbeing (the felt pressure of having too little time and its link to lower wellbeing).
1437. Research on time use and the share of leisure spent on screens.
1438. Research on time-of-day and cognitive performance, including the 'synchrony effect' between chronotype and peak performance time.
1439. Research on time-of-day effects on cognitive performance, alertness, and effortful decisions.
1440. Research on time-of-day effects on cognitive performance, decisions, and mood.
1441. Research on upward versus downward social comparison and its associations with wellbeing, satisfaction, gratitude, and coping.
1442. Research on usefulness, contribution, and wellbeing across midlife and later life.
1443. Research on values change across the lifespan (relative shifts from achievement and status toward connection, generativity, and meaning).
1444. Research on values change over the lifespan (priorities evolving with experience, circumstance, and life stage).
1445. Research on visibility, face time, and organisational politics in promotion decisions.
1446. Research on visible spending as a weak proxy for actual wealth, and on the role of luck and starting point in financial outcomes.
1447. Research on volunteering and wellbeing (largely correlational; modest associations).
1448. Research on volunteering and wellbeing, sense of purpose, and mortality (observational and longitudinal studies).
1449. Research on wealth-transfer concentration drawing on the Survey of Consumer Finances and related intergenerational-wealth studies.
1450. Research on wealth, independence, and prosociality (links between higher socioeconomic status, greater self-focus/independence, and reduced reliance on others) — evidence mixed and debated.
1451. Research on weekend 'catch-up' sleep and social jetlag (Wittmann, Roenneberg, and related work on circadian misalignment).
1452. Research on work-identity loss and adjustment difficulty in retirement.
1453. Research on work-role centrality and the fusion of self-worth with job performance ('identity enmeshment') in organisational and vocational psychology.
1454. Research on workplace busyness, recovery, and burnout.
1455. Research on workplace interruptions and the cost of task-switching / context-switching.
1456. Research on workplace social support and wellbeing — the stress-buffering and enjoyment effects of supportive relationships at work.
1457. Research reviews on the effectiveness of annual performance appraisal and feedback.
1458. Research suggesting some creative/insight tasks benefit from lower-energy periods.
1459. Research using the Experience Sampling Method on the conditions and frequency of flow.
1460. Reviews of adult child–parent relationships and intergenerational ambivalence.
1461. Reviews of death anxiety across the lifespan (showing a midlife peak and lower anxiety in older adults).
1462. Reviews of experimental studies on notification management, batching, and wellbeing (effects generally small and person-dependent).
1463. Reviews of mindfulness and attention-training interventions and their effects on wellbeing and rumination.
1464. Reviews of nutritional psychiatry and the diet–mental health relationship — note: an emerging field with incomplete evidence.
1465. Reviews of sibling relationship research on the modest and inconsistent effects of birth spacing on relationship quality.
1466. Reviews of smartphone 'problematic use' self-report scales and their widely varying prevalence estimates.
1467. Reviews of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) noting weak validity for career matching and low test-retest stability.
1468. Reviews on blue-light-blocking glasses and screen filters (weak/limited evidence).
1469. Richardson, T., Elliott, P., & Roberts, R. (2013). The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1148–1162.
1470. Rick, S. — research on 'tightwads' and 'spendthrifts' and individual differences in the pain of paying.
1471. Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive Offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688.
1472. Ritov, I., & Baron, J. — research on omission bias and status-quo bias in decision-making.
1473. Roberts, B. W. — research on personality change across the lifespan and the maturity principle (gradual increases in conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness in adulthood).
1474. Roberts, B. W. and colleagues — research on personality trait change across the lifespan (the maturity principle).
1475. Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 31–35.
1476. Roberts, B. W., and colleagues — mean-level personality change and the maturity principle across the lifespan.
1477. Roberts, B. W., and colleagues — meta-analyses of rank-order stability and mean-level (maturity-principle) personality change across the lifespan.
1478. Roberts, B. W., and colleagues — research on personality change across the lifespan and the maturity principle (Big Five trait development).
1479. Roberts, B. W., and colleagues — research on personality trait change across the lifespan, including Openness to experience.
1480. Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141.
1481. Roberts, S. G. B., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011). Communication in social networks: Effects of kinship, network size, and emotional closeness. Personal Relationships.
1482. Robin Dunbar — research on 'Dunbar's number' and the layered structure of human relationships (roughly 5 / 15 / 50 / 150).
1483. Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1997). Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time.
1484. Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1997). Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time. Pennsylvania State University Press.
1485. Robinson, O. C. — research on the quarter-life crisis and its phases (feeling trapped, separation/exploration, rebuilding) in early adulthood.
1486. Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255.
1487. Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-Enhanced Learning. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255.
1488. Roenneberg, T. — research on human chronotypes and 'social jetlag' (e.g., Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You're So Tired).
1489. Roese, N. J. — research on counterfactual thinking and how 'what if' alternatives shape regret.
1490. Roese, N. J. — research on counterfactual thinking and its functions (e.g., Counterfactual Thinking, Psychological Bulletin, 1997).
1491. Roese, N. J. — research on regret, its frequency, and the life domains in which it concentrates.
1492. Roese, N. J. — research on the functional, counterfactual role of regret in decision-making.
1493. Roese, N. J., & Summerville, A. (2005). What we regret most... and why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1273–1285.
1494. Roese, N. J., & Summerville, A. (2005). What We Regret Most... and Why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1273–1285.
1495. Roese, N. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Hindsight Bias. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 411–426.
1496. Rogelberg, S. G. (2019). The Surprising Science of Meetings: How You Can Lead Your Team to Peak Performance. Oxford University Press.
1497. Rogers, C. R. (1957/1961). Foundational work on empathic understanding and the therapeutic conditions for connection.
1498. Rohrer, J. M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2015). Examining the effects of birth order on personality. PNAS, 112(46), 14224–14229.
1499. Roisman, G. I., et al. — research on 'earned security' and coherence of attachment narratives.
1500. Romeo, R. R., et al. — research on conversational turns and children's language development.
1501. Roscoe, R. D., & Chi, M. T. H. (2007). Understanding Tutor Learning: Knowledge-Building and Knowledge-Telling in Peer Tutors' Explanations and Questions. Review of Educational Research, 77(4), 534–574.
1502. Rose, A. J. — research on co-rumination, friendship quality, and emotional adjustment.
1503. Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843.
1504. Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B. C. — foundational work on 'mattering' (the sense of being significant to others).
1505. Rosenfeld, M. J., & Roesler, K. (2019). Cohabitation Experience and Cohabitation's Association with Marital Dissolution. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(1), 42–58.
1506. Rosenfeld, M. J., Thomas, R. J., & Hausen, S. (2019). Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting. PNAS, 116(36), 17753–17758.
1507. Rosenthal, N. E., and colleagues — original description and naming of Seasonal Affective Disorder (1980s).
1508. Ross, L. — the fundamental attribution error (over-attributing others' behaviour to disposition).
1509. Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process (fundamental attribution error).
1510. Ross, L., & Ward, A. — naive realism (the conviction of objective perception and the attribution of disagreement to others' bias).
1511. Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The 'false consensus effect': An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279–301.
1512. Rothbard, N. P., & Wilk, S. L. (2011). Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 959–980.
1513. Rottenberg, J., Bylsma, L. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2008). Is crying beneficial? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(6), 400–404.
1514. Rousseau, D. M. — foundational research on the psychological contract.
1515. Rousseau, D. M. — research on the psychological contract between employees and employers.
1516. Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Juhl, J. — research on nostalgia as a meaning-making and coping resource.
1517. Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. — the 'successful aging' model (avoiding disease, maintaining function, staying engaged).
1518. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23–41 — core disgust, contamination, and elicitors.
1519. Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.
1520. Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.
1521. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. — disgust chapter in the Handbook of Emotions (the spread of disgust across domains).
1522. Rubin, D. C., & Berntsen, D. — research on 'felt age' and how subjective age varies across the lifespan.
1523. Rubin, D. C., and colleagues — research on the reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory.
1524. Rucker, D. D., & Galinsky, A. D. — research on compensatory consumption (buying to restore a threatened self).
1525. Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. — critiques of 'generations' as a scientific construct and arguments for a lifespan-development framing.
1526. Rumination research — repetitive, passive self-focused dwelling as a risk factor for low mood and anxiety.
1527. Rupture-and-repair research in attachment theory and the psychotherapy literature (general literature).
1528. Rusbult, C. E. — the investment model of commitment (satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment size).
1529. Rutledge, R. B., et al. (2014). A computational and neural model of momentary subjective well-being. PNAS — happiness depends on whether outcomes beat expectations.
1530. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166 (self-determination theory).
1531. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.
1532. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Press.
1533. Ryff, C. D. — six-factor model of psychological wellbeing.
1534. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.
1535. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.
1536. Salthouse, T. A. — research on cognitive ageing and ability trajectories across the lifespan.
1537. Salthouse, T. A. — research on cognitive aging, including age-related decline in processing speed and fluid abilities.
1538. Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status Quo Bias in Decision Making — and the broader behavioural literature on inertia and default toward inaction.
1539. Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status Quo Bias in Decision Making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1(1), 7–59.
1540. Sandel, M. J. (2020). The Tyranny of Merit: What's Become of the Common Good? Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1541. Sandstrom, G. M., & Dunn, E. W. — research on weak ties, everyday interactions, and wellbeing.
1542. Savings-rate math underlying the FIRE approach (time to financial independence as a function of savings rate).
1543. Savitsky, K., Keysar, B., Epley, N., Carter, T., & Swanson, A. — research on the closeness-communication bias and overconfidence in understanding close others.
1544. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review — the two-factor theory of emotion and labelling of arousal.
1545. Scheibehenne, B., Greifeneder, R., & Todd, P. M. (2010). Can there ever be too many options? A meta-analytic review of choice overload. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(3), 409–425.
1546. Scheibehenne, B., Greifeneder, R., & Todd, P. M. (2010). Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(3), 409–425.
1547. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. — dispositional optimism research and the Life Orientation Test.
1548. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. — research on dispositional optimism and outcomes.
1549. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985 onward). Research on dispositional optimism, coping, and health.
1550. Schulte, B. (2014). Overwhelmed: Work, Love, and Play When No One Has the Time — 'time confetti' and leisure fragmentation.
1551. Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2009/2011). Stress prompts habit behavior in humans (research on stress shifting decisions from goal-directed to habitual).
1552. Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less — maximisers vs satisficers.
1553. Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less.
1554. Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. (Maximizers vs. satisficers; choice and regret.)
1555. Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Harper Perennial.
1556. Schwartz, B., et al. — research on maximizing versus satisficing decision styles and their links to satisfaction and regret.
1557. Schwartz, B., et al. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178–1197.
1558. Schwartz, S. H. — Theory of Basic Human Values, and research on age-related change in value priorities (openness-to-change, conservation, security, benevolence).
1559. Schweitzer, M. E., Hershey, J. C., & Bradlow, E. T. (2006). Promises and Lies: Restoring Violated Trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
1560. Scullen, S. E., Mount, M. K., & Goff, M. (2000). Understanding the latent structure of job performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 956–970.
1561. Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. — Research on nostalgia as a meaning-making, identity-supporting emotion.
1562. Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. — research program on nostalgia (meaning, social connectedness, self-continuity, and optimism).
1563. Self-Determination Theory (Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.) — autonomy as a basic psychological need that persists within close relationships, and the link between autonomy support and relationship quality.
1564. Self-monitoring and behaviour-change literature (reactivity of self-monitoring in behavioural interventions).
1565. Self-reported survey data on living 'paycheck to paycheck' (share is approximate; measurement and wording vary across surveys).
1566. Sharif, M. A., Mogilner, C., & Hershfield, H. E. (2021). Having too little or too much time is linked to lower subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(4), 933–947.
1567. Sharot, T. — research on the optimism bias and asymmetric belief updating (greater updating from good news than bad).
1568. Sheeran, P. — research on the intention-behavior gap.
1569. Sheeran, P. — research on the intention–behaviour gap.
1570. Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016). The Intention-Behavior Gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 503–518.
1571. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. — The self-concordance model (goals aligned with personal values pursued more persistently; links to wellbeing).
1572. Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. — research on adaptation prevention (variety, appreciation, gratitude, savouring).
1573. Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. — research on variety, appreciation, and the hedonic-adaptation-prevention model.
1574. Shelly Gable — research on responsiveness and 'capitalization' (responding to a friend's good news).
1575. Sherif, M., et al. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment.
1576. Siegrist, J. — Effort-Reward Imbalance Model (worse health where high effort is not matched by adequate reward).
1577. Simons, D. J., et al. (2016). Do 'Brain-Training' Programs Work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103–186.
1578. Simonton, D. K. — research on age and creative productivity (the rise-and-decline curve and its variation across fields).
1579. Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), R875–R878.
1580. Singh, S., et al. (2023). Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
1581. Sirois, F. M. — research linking self-compassion with reduced procrastination.
1582. Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. — research framing procrastination as emotion regulation / short-term mood repair.
1583. Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127.
1584. Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To What Extent and Under Which Circumstances Are Growth Mind-Sets Important to Academic Achievement? Psychological Science, 29(4), 549–571.
1585. Skill-acquisition research on adult vs. child learning and the role of practice (overview).
1586. Skinner, B. F. — research on reinforcement schedules, including the variable-ratio schedule and its effect on persistence of behaviour.
1587. Sleep debt and alertness research linking accumulated short sleep to reduced daytime performance and a deeper afternoon trough.
1588. Slepian, M. L. — research program on the psychology of secrets, including the finding that the burden of secrecy is driven primarily by rumination (how often the mind returns to a secret) rather than by active concealment.
1589. Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32(9), 752–760.
1590. Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46–64.
1591. Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The Human Pursuit of Difference. Plenum Press (need for uniqueness).
1592. Social comparison research on false uniqueness (the underestimation of how common our abilities are).
1593. Social neuroscience research on rejection and pain-related brain activity (e.g., Eisenberger and colleagues).
1594. Social rhythm / social zeitgeber theory (Ehlers and colleagues) and Frank's interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for mood disorders.
1595. Social-pain research — overlap between social rejection and neural pathways involved in physical pain.
1596. Sociological research on friendship formation — proximity, repeated unplanned interaction, and self-disclosure as conditions for friendship.
1597. Sociological survey research on family conflict over money, caregiving, and values.
1598. Sociology of religion and wellbeing literature — on the community-mediated component of religion–wellbeing associations.
1599. Soderstrom, N. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2015). Learning Versus Performance: An Integrative Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 176–199.
1600. Solnick, S. J., & Hemenway, D. (1998). Is more always better? A survey on positional concerns. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 37(3), 373–383.
1601. Solow, R. M. (1987) — the 'productivity paradox' observation that the computer age was visible everywhere except in the productivity statistics.
1602. Soman, D. (2003). The effect of payment transparency on consumption: Quasi-experiments from the field. Marketing Letters, 14(3), 173–183.
1603. Soman, D., & Cheema, A. — research on earmarking and mental accounting (labeling money for a purpose increases saving).
1604. Sonnentag, S. — research on recovery from work, including mastery and psychological detachment experiences.
1605. Sonnentag, S. (2012). Psychological Detachment From Work During Leisure Time: The Benefits of Mentally Disengaging From Work. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(2), 114–118.
1606. Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204–221.
1607. Sonnentag, S., and colleagues — research on recovery and psychological detachment from work during off-hours.
1608. Soto, C. J., and colleagues — age trends in Big Five personality traits across the lifespan.
1609. Soto, C. J., and colleagues — large-sample studies of Big Five personality development across the lifespan.
1610. Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegner, D. M. (2011). Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips. Science, 333(6043), 776–778.
1611. Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374.
1612. Spielmann, S. S., et al. — research on fear of being single and relationship decisions.
1613. Stanley, T. J., & Danko, W. D. (1996). The Millionaire Next Door — visible spending versus net worth.
1614. Stanley, T. J., & Danko, W. D. (1996). The Millionaire Next Door: The Surprising Secrets of America's Wealthy.
1615. Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1), 27–44.
1616. Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. — research on the dispositional approach to job attitudes.
1617. Stebbins, R. A. — research on serious leisure and its relationship to identity and satisfaction.
1618. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94.
1619. Steger, M. F. — Meaning in Life Questionnaire and research on the presence of and search for meaning.
1620. Steger, M. F. — Meaning in Life Questionnaire and sources of meaning research.
1621. Steger, M. F. — research on meaning in life and its multiple, changing sources.
1622. Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93.
1623. Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A Triangular Theory of Love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119–135.
1624. Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. — analyses of U.S. marriage and divorce trends (divorce rates peaking around 1980 and declining since; the limits of the flat 50% figure).
1625. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437, 1272–1278.
1626. Stone, A. A., and colleagues — research on day-of-week variation in mood and wellbeing (the 'weekend effect').
1627. Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. PNAS, 107(22), 9985–9990.
1628. Strohminger, N., & Nichols, S. — research on the true self as intuited to be morally good.
1629. Studies evaluating device 'night mode' / colour-temperature shifting and sleep outcomes.
1630. Studies indicating that cold-water immersion after resistance training may blunt muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptations (e.g., Roberts et al.-type findings).
1631. Studies of breathing interventions for acute stress and state anxiety (short-term, in-the-moment effects).
1632. Studies of lottery spending by income finding regressive patterns (lotteries as an implicit regressive tax).
1633. Studies of U.S. state and national pay-transparency laws and their effect on pay gaps, including the gender pay gap.
1634. Studies on short naps, light exposure, and physical activity as countermeasures for afternoon sleepiness.
1635. Stutzer, A., & Frey, B. S. (2008). Stress that Doesn't Pay: The Commuting Paradox. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(2), 339–366.
1636. Stutzer, A., & Frey, B. S. (2008). Stress That Doesn't Pay: The Commuting Paradox. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(2), 339–366.
1637. Subsequent debate and statistical re-examinations of the Dunning-Kruger effect (e.g., analyses of regression to the mean and measurement error in self-assessment).
1638. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) — National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
1639. Suitor, J. J., & Pillemer, K. — research program on within-family differences in parents' relationships with adult children (Cornell Family Reciprocity Study and related work).
1640. Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds (on independence, diversity, and aggregation as preconditions for crowd accuracy).
1641. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021) — close friends reported by adults.
1642. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021) — number of close friends adults report.
1643. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021) — number of close friends and trends since 1990.
1644. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021) — number of close friends.
1645. Survey Center on American Life, American Perspectives Survey (2021).
1646. Survey data on couples and money (relationship conflict and financial-stress rankings).
1647. Survey data on the 'Sunday scaries' / Sunday-evening work anxiety (figures approximate; vary by survey).
1648. Survey research on 'neuromyths' among educators (e.g., Dekker et al., 2012, Frontiers in Psychology).
1649. Survey research on midlife and mid-career occupational change and reported satisfaction.
1650. Survey research on money as a conversational taboo (relative willingness to discuss salary and debt versus other personal topics).
1651. Survey research on partisan sorting and inter-group attitudes (political science literature).
1652. Survey research on the age at which people report feeling like adults.
1653. Survey research on the number of close friends adults report (e.g., Survey Center on American Life).
1654. Surveys of high-net-worth and affluent individuals on 'how much is enough' to feel financially secure (self-reported attitudes; treat specific figures as indicative).
1655. Surveys on touch deprivation and 'skin hunger' during periods of social isolation.
1656. Survivorship bias — Abraham Wald's analysis of returning aircraft and the general statistical concept.
1657. Survivorship bias and winner-take-all market dynamics as discussed in Frank (2016).
1658. Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47(2), 143–148.
1659. Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96–102.
1660. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. — social identity theory (group identity and the self-concept).
1661. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979/1986). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict / The social identity theory of intergroup behavior.
1662. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979/1986). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict / The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.
1663. Tajfel, H., et al. — minimal group paradigm experiments on in-group favouritism.
1664. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and Guilt. Guilford Press.
1665. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372.
1666. Tasha Eurich — research on internal versus external self-awareness, and on 'what' versus 'why' questions in introspection.
1667. Task-switching cost literature in cognitive psychology (general body of experimental work on switching between tasks).
1668. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin.
1669. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. — research on post-traumatic growth (positive changes reported after adversity, coexisting with distress).
1670. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. — research on post-traumatic growth (stated with caveats: one possible outcome, not required, and not a case for seeking adversity).
1671. Terror Management Theory (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon) — mortality awareness and the pursuit of symbolic immortality.
1672. Thaler, R. H. (1985 / 1999). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice; Mental Accounting Matters — work on mental accounting.
1673. Thaler, R. H. (1985 / 1999). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice; Mental Accounting Matters. Marketing Science / Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.
1674. Thaler, R. H. (1985). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199–214.
1675. Thaler, R. H. (1985/1999). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice / Mental Accounting Matters. Marketing Science / Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.
1676. Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental Accounting Matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 183–206.
1677. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. — research on automatic enrolment and defaults in retirement saving.
1678. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. — Save More Tomorrow and automatic enrollment / pre-commitment in retirement saving.
1679. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow — present bias and automatic/default-driven saving.
1680. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1), S164–S187.
1681. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1).
1682. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving. Journal of Political Economy.
1683. Thaler, R. H., & Johnson, E. J. (1990). Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even: The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice. Management Science, 36(6), 643–660.
1684. The 'dodo bird verdict' literature on broadly comparable outcomes across bona fide psychotherapies.
1685. The 'highlight reel' distortion — the observation that what people present, especially on social media, is a curated, selectively positive slice rather than their full, ordinary reality.
1686. The 'T-shaped skills' concept (deep expertise in one area plus broad working knowledge), widely used in design, engineering, and consulting.
1687. The Gottman Institute — research on what distinguishes lasting from struggling relationships.
1688. The urgent–important distinction (the Eisenhower matrix, popularised by Stephen Covey) — a descriptive framework for prioritisation.
1689. This page is general educational context, not financial advice.
1690. Thomas, M., & Morwitz, V. (2005). Penny Wise and Pound Foolish: The Left-Digit Effect in Price Cognition. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 54–64.
1691. Thompson, D. — the 'workism' framing (work as a source of identity, meaning, and purpose in modern, especially U.S., culture).
1692. Thompson, D. — writing on 'workism' (work as a source of identity, meaning and quasi-religion, especially among the college-educated).
1693. Tiggemann, M., and colleagues — research on appearance comparison, social media, and body image.
1694. Time-perception research on prospective versus retrospective duration (memory and novelty accounts of why time appears to speed up).
1695. Time-use and media-use surveys — average daily time spent on screens and media.
1696. Time-use research on perceived time pressure / 'time famine' and the divergence between felt and measured time.
1697. Todd Kashdan — research on curiosity and its links to wellbeing, life satisfaction, meaning, positive emotion, and relationship closeness.
1698. Tomiyama, A. J., and colleagues — research on weight stigma and its associations with stress and health outcomes.
1699. Tonietto, G. N., & Malkoc, S. A. — research on scheduling leisure and its effect on enjoyment (rough vs. rigid plans for free time).
1700. Toussaint, L. L., and colleagues — research linking forgiveness to mental and physical health.
1701. Tracy, B. — 'Eat That Frog!' (popular productivity framing of doing the hardest task first).
1702. Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. PNAS, 105(33), 11655–11660.
1703. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 506–525.
1704. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008). The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(3), 516–530.
1705. Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. — the self-absorption paradox; the distinction between reflection and rumination.
1706. Trinity Study — research on sustainable portfolio withdrawal rates (the basis of the 4% / 25x rule).
1707. Tsai, J. L. (2007). Ideal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 242–259.
1708. Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural Variation in Affect Valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 288–307.
1709. Turner, J. C., and colleagues — self-categorisation theory (categorisation as cognitive efficiency).
1710. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. — research on anchoring and adjustment in judgement under uncertainty.
1711. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039–1061.
1712. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039–1061.
1713. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.
1714. Twenge, J. M. — research arguing some cohort differences (e.g. linked to technology and changing adolescence) are real (presented here as the counterview).
1715. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and Marital Satisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(3), 574–583.
1716. Twenge, J. M., et al. — declines in adult sexual frequency over recent decades. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
1717. Twin and adoption studies in behavioral genetics — heritability estimates for major personality traits.
1718. Twin and adoption studies on the heritability of personality traits.
1719. Twin and population studies on the heritability of human lifespan (commonly estimating heritability around 20–30%).
1720. Twin studies on the heritability of dispositional optimism.
1721. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis — personal saving rate (share of disposable personal income).
1722. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis — personal saving rate.
1723. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Consumer Price Index and wage data (housing, college tuition, healthcare vs wages).
1724. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — earnings by age.
1725. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Education pays: earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment.
1726. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Employee Tenure (median job tenure).
1727. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Employee Tenure Summary (median years with current employer, trends over time).
1728. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — hours worked and labour force data.
1729. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), on hires, separations and labour-market churn.
1730. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — median earnings for full-time workers.
1731. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — median weekly earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment.
1732. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — median weekly/annual earnings by age group.
1733. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — wage and cost-of-living data underlying affordability comparisons.
1734. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Economic Policy Institute analyses — costs of essentials relative to wages over recent decades.
1735. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — average daily leisure hours.
1736. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — leisure and time-use data.
1737. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — time spent and enjoyment ratings of daily activities.
1738. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — time spent sleeping / in bed.
1739. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — time spent socialising with friends.
1740. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — time use, sleep, and activity context.
1741. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (2023) — leisure, screen time, time with friends, commuting.
1742. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (ATUS) — average time spent on leisure.
1743. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (ATUS) — household activities, shopping, and errands.
1744. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (ATUS) — retiree time use.
1745. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (ATUS) — time spent on childcare.
1746. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Employment Dynamics — survival rates of new establishments.
1747. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey — household spending shares by category.
1748. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey — household spending shares, including housing as the largest category.
1749. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey — share of household spending by category (housing, transportation, healthcare, etc.).
1750. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index (overall and category-level price trends).
1751. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Tenure news release — median years with current employer.
1752. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) — number of jobs held over a career; early-1960s birth cohort, ages 18 through the mid-fifties.
1753. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Education pays: earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment.
1754. U.S. CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System — self-rated health and activity limitation.
1755. U.S. Census Bureau — average commute times (American Community Survey).
1756. U.S. Census Bureau — data on rising median age at first marriage and later family formation over recent decades.
1757. U.S. Census Bureau — Estimated Median Age at First Marriage (historical time series).
1758. U.S. Census Bureau — estimated median age at first marriage over time.
1759. U.S. Census Bureau — gender pay gap (women's full-time earnings relative to men's).
1760. U.S. Census Bureau — homeownership rates and housing context.
1761. U.S. Census Bureau — housing cost burden (share of income spent on housing).
1762. U.S. Census Bureau — marriage and divorce statistics, including duration of marriage data (Survey of Income and Program Participation / American Community Survey).
1763. U.S. Census Bureau — median age at first marriage and average age at first birth over time.
1764. U.S. Census Bureau / CDC National Center for Health Statistics — fertility and mean/median age at first birth.
1765. U.S. Census Bureau and comparable demographic statistics — median ages of first marriage, first birth, leaving home, and home ownership over time.
1766. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey — average commute times.
1767. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey — mean travel time to work.
1768. U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) — homeownership rates overall and by age.
1769. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States — median U.S. household income (~$80,610).
1770. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States (2023) — household income distribution.
1771. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States (2023) — median household income (~$80,610).
1772. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States (2023) — median household income.
1773. U.S. Census Bureau, Income in the United States (2023).
1774. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — surveys on adult sleep duration.
1775. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — adult adherence to aerobic and muscle-strengthening guidelines (~24% meeting both).
1776. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — adult sleep and physical-activity statistics.
1777. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — guidance on modifiable risk factors (tobacco, diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol) and chronic disease.
1778. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — short sleep duration prevalence among adults.
1779. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services — Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (150 minutes/week moderate aerobic plus muscle-strengthening twice weekly).
1780. U.S. housing policy — origin of the 30% cost-burden threshold.
1781. U.S. Social Security Administration — income replacement rates and retiree income sources.
1782. U.S. Surgeon General (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation — Advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community.
1783. U.S. Surgeon General (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community — declining time spent with friends.
1784. U.S. Surgeon General (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community.
1785. U.S. Surgeon General, 'Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation' Advisory (2023; Vivek Murthy).
1786. U.S. surveys on unused paid vacation and time-off guilt (e.g., Pew Research Center and U.S. workforce surveys).
1787. Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. — research on the cultural construction of happiness (independent vs interdependent models of happiness).
1788. United Nations — world population estimates (~8.1 billion).
1789. Urban, T. 'The Tail End,' Wait But Why — the 'tail end' framing on remaining time with specific people.
1790. US Bureau of Labor Statistics — Employee Tenure data (median job tenure).
1791. US Census Bureau — median age at first marriage and family-formation timing.
1792. Valtin, H. (2002). 'Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.' Really? Is there scientific evidence for '8 x 8'? American Journal of Physiology — Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 283(5), R993–R1004.
1793. Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2003). To Do or to Have? That Is the Question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1193–1202.
1794. Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2003). To Do or to Have? That Is the Question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
1795. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling Up and Down: The Experiences of Benign and Malicious Envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419–429.
1796. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion.
1797. Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26(2), 117–126.
1798. Vanderkam, L. — time-diary research and writing on the gap between estimated and actual time use.
1799. Vanguard — 'Advisor's Alpha' framework (illustrative, contested estimate of the value good advice may add, concentrated in behavioral coaching, tax efficiency, and planning).
1800. Vazire, S. (2010). Who Knows What About a Person? The Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 281–300.
1801. Vazire, S., & Carlson, E. N. — research on self-knowledge and self-other accuracy.
1802. Veblen, T. — conspicuous consumption (purchases as status signals).
1803. Veblen, T. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class — conspicuous consumption and status-driven spending.
1804. Veblen, T. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class — conspicuous consumption.
1805. Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90–103 (habit discontinuity).
1806. Vigilance and sustained-attention research on the attention/vigilance decrement.
1807. Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Why Only Humans Weep: Unravelling the Mysteries of Tears. Oxford University Press.
1808. Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006). The Psychological Consequences of Money. Science, 314(5802), 1154–1156 — and later related work on money and self-sufficiency.
1809. Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151.
1810. Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E. M., & Worthington, E. L. (2014). Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154–170.
1811. Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World's Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. (Harvard Study of Adult Development / the Grant Study.)
1812. Walker, M. P. — research on sleep and memory consolidation (overview).
1813. Walker, M. P. (2017). Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams.
1814. Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2011). A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students. Science, 331(6023), 1447–1451.
1815. Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017). Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One's Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 140–154.
1816. Ware, B. (2011). The Top Five Regrets of the Dying — qualitative, anecdotal account from a palliative-care nurse; not a controlled study.
1817. Ware, B. The Top Five Regrets of the Dying — qualitative observations from palliative care, including wishing one had expressed feelings and stayed in touch (illustrative, not a controlled study).
1818. Warren, E., & Warren Tyagi, A. — the 50/30/20 budgeting rule (roughly 50% needs, 30% wants, 20% savings and debt paydown).
1819. Wason, P. C. — selection-task and rule-discovery experiments on hypothesis testing and confirmation bias.
1820. Weber, M. — The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (cultural framing of work, diligence and productivity as virtue).
1821. Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. In Theories of Group Behavior (pp. 185–208). Springer.
1822. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control (thought suppression). Psychological Review, 101(1), 34–52.
1823. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101(1), 34–52.
1824. Wegner, D. M. et al. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — the 'ironic process' / rebound effect.
1825. Wegner, D. M. et al. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
1826. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic Optimism About Future Life Events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806–820.
1827. Wellbeing literature on the links between social connection, contribution, and a sense of meaning in life.
1828. Whillans, A. V., Dunn, E. W., et al. (2017). Buying time promotes happiness. PNAS, 114(32), 8523–8527.
1829. Whillans, A. V., Dunn, E. W., Smeets, P., Bekkers, R., & Norton, M. I. (2017). Buying time promotes happiness. PNAS, 114(32), 8523–8527.
1830. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., et al. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9, 7730.
1831. White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. (Foundational text on narrative therapy.)
1832. Whitehouse, H. — research on modes of religiosity and ritual, group bonding, and identity fusion (e.g., Whitehouse, H. (2004). Modes of Religiosity).
1833. Whitehurst, G. J., et al. — research on dialogic reading and early language development.
1834. Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, Functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975–993.
1835. Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better.
1836. William James — the proportional theory of time perception (each year as a smaller fraction of accumulated life).
1837. Williams, J. C. — research on the "ideal worker" norm (constant availability as a workplace expectation).
1838. Willingham, D. T. (2009). Why Don't Students Like School? — discussion of learning styles and cognitive science.
1839. Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., & Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The Scientific Status of Learning Styles Theories. Teaching of Psychology, 42(3), 266–271.
1840. Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592–598.
1841. Wilmer, H. H., Sherman, L. E., & Chein, J. M. (2017). Smartphones and Cognition: A Review of Research Exploring the Links Between Mobile Technology Habits and Cognitive Functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 605.
1842. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. — affective forecasting and 'immune neglect': overestimating the intensity and duration of future feelings.
1843. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. — affective forecasting and the impact bias (mispredicting the intensity and duration of future emotions).
1844. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. — affective forecasting research and the impact bias.
1845. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. — research on affective forecasting and immune neglect (overestimating the intensity and duration of emotional reactions).
1846. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. — research on affective forecasting and the impact bias (overestimating the intensity and duration of emotional reactions).
1847. Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2003, 2005). Affective Forecasting and the 'impact bias' (overestimating the intensity and duration of future emotions).
1848. Wilson, T. D., et al. (2014). Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind. Science, 345(6192), 75–77.
1849. Winnicott, D. W. — the concept of the 'good enough' mother/parent.
1850. Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life — classic account of urban social ties.
1851. Wittmann, M., & Lehnhoff, S. (2005). Age effects in perception of time. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 921–935.
1852. Witvliet, C. V. O., Ludwig, T. E., & Vander Laan, K. L. (2001). Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges: Implications for Emotion, Physiology, and Health. Psychological Science, 12(2), 117–123.
1853. Wohl, M. J. A., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennett, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 803–808.
1854. Wolf, M. (2018). Reader, Come Home: The Reading Brain in a Digital World. Harper.
1855. Wolraich, M. L., Wilson, D. B., & White, J. W. (1995). The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children: A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 274(20), 1617–1621.
1856. Wood, W. — research on habit formation and automaticity.
1857. Wood, W. — research on habit formation and the automaticity of everyday behaviour (e.g. Good Habits, Bad Habits, 2019).
1858. Wood, W. — research on habit formation and the automaticity of repeated behaviour in stable contexts.
1859. Wood, W. — research on habit formation and the role of context cues in automatic everyday behaviour (e.g., Good Habits, Bad Habits, 2019).
1860. Wood, W. — research on habit formation and the share of daily behavior that is habitual (commonly cited as roughly 40% or more).
1861. Wood, W. — research on habits as automatic, cue-based behavior.
1862. Wood, W. (2019). Good Habits, Bad Habits: The Science of Making Positive Changes That Stick.
1863. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit–Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863.
1864. Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1281–1297.
1865. Work-motivation and job-satisfaction research on autonomy, relationships, competence, and meaning as predictors of satisfaction.
1866. Workplace surveys on 'productivity theater' — employees performing busyness to satisfy managers.
1867. World Bank — international extreme-poverty line ($2.15/day, 2017 PPP) and global poverty estimates (2022).
1868. World Bank / Our World in Data — global income distribution estimates.
1869. World Happiness Report — national average life evaluations and their correlates (income, social support, freedom, healthy life expectancy, generosity, trust).
1870. World Health Organization — Depression / Depressive disorder estimates and global burden of disease.
1871. World Health Organization — depression as a medical condition warranting professional care (context for not-a-substitute framing).
1872. World Health Organization — Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region (links between chronic noise, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular risk).
1873. World Health Organization — guidance on birth spacing and maternal and infant health (report on healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy).
1874. World Health Organization — Guidelines on mental health at work / WHO guidance on mental health and the workplace.
1875. World Health Organization — guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5.
1876. World Health Organization — on ageism as a widespread global issue (Global Report on Ageism).
1877. World Health Organization — physical activity recommendations for adults.
1878. World Health Organization — Social Determinants of Health framework.
1879. World Health Organization (2019). Burn-out an 'occupational phenomenon': International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
1880. World Health Organization (2023). Statement: No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health.
1881. World Health Organization, ICD-11 (2019) — burnout defined as an occupational phenomenon.
1882. World Values Survey — cross-national generalized trust measures.
1883. World Values Survey / general survey research on social and political attitudes over time.
1884. Worthington, E. L. — forgiveness research and the REACH forgiveness model.
1885. Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Theory and Application. Routledge.
1886. Wrosch, C., and colleagues — research on goal disengagement and goal reengagement and their links to wellbeing.
1887. Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179–201.
1888. Wrzesniewski, A., et al. — Research on job, career, and calling orientations toward work, including the study of hospital cleaners and meaning in work.
1889. Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, Careers, and Callings: People's Relations to Their Work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 21–33.
1890. Yoo, S. S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007). The human emotional brain without sleep — a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Current Biology, 17(20), R877–R878.
1891. Zajonc, R. B. — the mere-exposure effect (familiarity and preference).
1892. Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. — research on attention, prospective timing, and the distortion of duration estimates.
1893. Zauberman, G., & Lynch, J. G. (2005). Resource Slack and Propensity to Discount Delayed Investments of Time Versus Money. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134(1), 23–37.
1894. Zeigarnik, B. — the Zeigarnik effect: unfinished or interrupted tasks remain more active in memory than completed ones.
1895. Zellermayer, O. (1996). The Pain of Paying (doctoral research on the psychology of payment and spending).
1896. Zhu, M., Yang, Y., & Hsee, C. K. — research on the mere urgency effect (the irrational prioritisation of urgent over important tasks).

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